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December CNS Exam > Primer 6 > Flashcards

Primer 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Avoiding sugar, fried foods, milk, and iodine can help minimize issues with this condition

Anorexia
Acne
AIDS
Alcoholism

A

Acne

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2
Q

For those with AIDS or other wasting syndromes, protein intake should be as high as

  1. 0 g/kg/d
  2. 5
  3. 0
  4. 5
A

2.0

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3
Q

Which two nutrients reduce oxidative stress and extend the latency period of the onset of symptoms, and inhibit HIV replication in those with HIV/AIDS?

Vit C and GSH
NAC and Vit B5
GSH and NAC
GSH and biotin

A

GSH and NAC

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4
Q

Which nutrients helps to increase the number of circulating CD4 helper T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in those with HIV/AIDS?

Beta carotene
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Vitamin E

A

beta carotene

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5
Q

Chromium, Vitamin A, vitamin E, selenium, and zinc are beneficial for those struggling with

Acne
Allergies and sensitivities
Alcoholism
Brusitis

A

Acne

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6
Q

In people with acute bowel inflammation, fiber should be used to calm down the symptoms

True or False

A

False…restrict fiber…use no pulp juices, and cooked seedless low fiber options like asparagus, spinach, and beets

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7
Q

Chronic alcoholism can lead to fatty liver and excessive accumulation of which nutrient?

Vitamin C
Vitamin D
Vitamin A
Vitamin K

A

Vitamin A

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8
Q

Thiamin deficiency due to alcoholism causes which condition which is characterized by mental confusion, memory loss, delusions, and amnesia?

Pellagra
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Beriberi
Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A

Korsakoff’s

Wernicke Disease (apathy, delusion, and delirium).

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9
Q

Apathy, delusion, and delirium, caused by thiamin deficiency related to alcoholism is known as

Wernickes
Pellagra
Beriberi
Alcoholic dementia

A

Wernicke’s

Chronic thiamin deficiency combined with alcoholism often produces the Korsakoff Syndrome of mental confusion, memory loss, delusions, and amnesia or Wernicke Disease (apathy, delusion, and delirium). These may appear concurrently as Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (alcoholic dementia). There is no known upper safe limit of thiamin intake (prolonged intakes of 500 mg/day have been shown to be without adverse effects).

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10
Q

Alcoholic dementia is another term for which of these

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Pellagra
Beriberi

A

WK syndrome

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11
Q

Decreased GFR, ketosis, EKG abnormalities, intestinal atony, gallstones, osteopenia, brittle hair and nails, hypothyroidism, hypercortisolism, amenorrhea, and bone marrow suppression are signs of which?

Bulimia
Anorexia
Chemical sensitivites
HIV/AIDS

A

Anorexia

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12
Q

Common nutrient deficiencies with Anorexia include

EFAs, Ca, Zn, B12, folate, Electrolytes
B3, B5, EFAs, B6
Vit A, E, D, K

A

EFAs, Calcium, Zinc, B12, folate, and Electrolytes

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13
Q

Nutritional therapy for Anorexia should start with which types of foods to reduce on-demand regurgitation?

Soft foods
Pureed foods
Complete liquid diets
Enteral feeding

A

Complete liquid diets

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14
Q

Bulimia has the same 6 nutrient deficiencies as anorexia.

True or False

A

True (EFAs, calcium, zinc, b12, folate, electrolytes)

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15
Q

In addition to the physiological signs seen in anorexia (ketosis, brittle hair/nails, EKG abnormalities, gallstones, gut atony, osteopenia, neuropathies), Bulimia also present with which?

Acid damage to mouth and upper GI
Mypoathy
Diarrhea
None of these
All of these
A

All of these

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16
Q

Taurine, raw beets, choline, Spanish black radishes, inositol, Aloe, and methionine can increase the production of

Bile
Stomach acid
Amylase
Brush border enzymes

A

Bile

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17
Q

It’s important to not only improve bile production in biliary insufficiency, but also to promote bile flow. Which of these do that?

Cloves, cabbage, black tea
Artichokes, dandelion root, peppermint tea, rosemary
Asparagus, green tea, rhodiola
dandelion root, apple cider vinegar, nutmeg

A

Artichokes, dandelion, root, peppermint tea, and rosemary

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18
Q

Burns require supplementation with

Calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper
Vitamin A, Vitamin D, magnesium, biotin
Vitamin K, Vitamin C, calcium, magnesium
Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and zinc

A

Vitamin A, C, E, and Zinc

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19
Q

Gluten contains 50% of each of these:

Prolamins, glutenins
Prolamins, gliadomorphins
Proline, glutenins
Proline, gliadomorphins

A

Prolamins and Glutenins

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20
Q

Which of these induces gluten sensitivity?

Prolamins
Glutenins

A

Prolamins

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21
Q

Prolamins are also in oats, barely, and rye.

True or False

A

True

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22
Q

Wheat contains which prolamin

Gliadin
Avenin
Hordein
Secalin

A

Gliadin

wheat contains gliadin,
oats contain avenin,
barley contains hordein
rye contains secalin.

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23
Q

Rye contains which prolamin

Gliadin
Avenin
Hordein
Secalin

A

secalin

wheat contains gliadin,
oats contain avenin,
barley contains hordein
rye contains secalin.

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24
Q

Barley contains which prolamin?

Gliadin
Avenin
Hordein
Secalin

A

Hordein

wheat contains gliadin,
oats contain avenin,
barley contains hordein
rye contains secalin

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25
Q

Oats contain which prolamin?

Gliadin
Avenin
Hordein
Secalin

A

Avenin

26
Q

Acylcarnitine deficiency is a metabolic abnormality found in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)

True or False

A

True

27
Q

Approximately how many days after emerging do differentiated colonocytes undergo apoptosis and are exfoliated?

3
6
9
12

A

3 days

28
Q

SCFAs and colonocytes are in dynamic tension. Too much SCFAs ______ cell proliferation, while too little -____ apoptosis. Both events _______ risk for cancer

slow, stimulate, increase
slow, stimulate, decrease
stimulate, slow, increase
stimulate, slow, decrease

A

stimulate, slow, increase

29
Q

Colonocyte proliferation requires which?

Polyamines
Proteases
Proline
Glutamine

A

Polyamines

30
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme for polyamine synthesis?

Protease
Amylase
Diamine Oxidase
Glutamine dehydrogenase

A

Diamine Oxidase

31
Q

Diamine oxidase is stimulated by meat and alcohol. An increase in DAO function is associated with an _____ in colorectal cancer risk

Decrease
Increase

A

Increase

32
Q

What inhibits diamine oxidase? (more than 1)

Olive Oil
Calcium
Coconut Oil
Sunflower Oil

A

Olive oil and calcium (to bind to bile salts)

33
Q

Why is it important for calcium to bind bile salts to reduce diamine oxidase activity?

A

Because secondary bile salts increase DAO activity
Diamine oxidase is the rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway of polyamine synthesis. Polyamines are required for colonocyte proliferation. Diamine oxidase does not affect colonocyte apoptosis; increased diamine oxidase activity increases colonocyte numbers without a compensating increase in apoptotic rate. Increased diamine oxidase activity in the colon is associated with increased risk for colorectal cancer. Diamine oxidase activity is stimulated by meat and alcohol and is inhibited by olive oil and by calcium binding to bile salts.

34
Q

Which supplemental mineral can attenuate postprandial hyperglycemia?

Zinc Picolinate
Chromium nicotinate
Magnesium citrate
Boron

A

Chromium nicotinate

35
Q

Which botanicals can be used to help with poor glycemic control?

Colosolic Acid, Gymnema, Fenugreek, Tamarind
Ashwagandha, Rhodiola, Artichoke
Ginkgo, Goldenseal, Sassafrass

A

Colosolic acid, Gymnema, Fenugreek, Tamarind

36
Q

What is the disease where extravaginations of the colonic wall caused by chronically elevated colonic pressures resulting in difficulty propelling small, dry ,hard fecal materials occur ?

IBS
Crohns
Diverticulosis
Celiac

A

Diverticulosis

37
Q

Treatment for diverticulosis includes:

Low fat, high fiber, increased water, avoid nut/seeds
High fat, low fiber, increased water, eat nuts/seeds

A

Low fat, high fiber, increased water, avoid nuts/seeds

From 10% to 25% of patients with diverticulosis develop diverticulitis. Therapy consists of a low fat, high fiber diet (45 g/day to 55 g/day of soluble fiber), 2 to 3 liters of water daily, and avoidance of seeds, nuts and plant skins that may damage extravaginated sections of the colonic wall.

38
Q

People with dumping syndrome would be told to do the following except

Reduce meal size/increase frequency
High protein/moderate fat/low starch
Avoid fluids with meals
Avoid milk and sugars
Supplement with MCTs
Do not lie down after a meal
A

Do not like down after a meal….they ARE encouraged to lie down after a meal

39
Q

Crohn’s can involve the entire GI tract, but is usually limited to the small intestine or colon.

True or False

A

True

40
Q

Which SCFA inhibits activation of NF-kappaB in macrophages in those with IBD?

Acetate
Proprionate
Butyrate

A

Butyrate

41
Q

What can stimulate the recovery of damaged villi in IBD?

Enzymes
Pectin
Omega 3s
Probiotics

A

Pectin

42
Q

Is bowel rest indicated with IBD?

A

No….can cause starvation of colonocytes and enterocytes

when bowel rest is required (for example, acute symptomatic inflammatorybowel disease, acute pancreatitis, or intestinal fistulae);

43
Q

Which amino acid stimulates proliferation enterocytes/colonocytes and accelerates lesion healing in IBD?

Glutamine
Arginine
Lysine
Glycine

A

Glutamine

44
Q

Herbs for IBD include Boswellia serrata, Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw), and goldendeal. Why are these used?

Boswellia
Uncaria, cat’s claw
Goldenseal

inhibits bacterial adhesion to enterocytes
inhibits 5-LOX and leukotriene synth.
inhibits NO productions and NF-KappaB activation.

A

Boswellia inhibits 5-LOX and leukotriene synth.
Uncaria, cat’s claw inhibits NO productions and NF-KappaB activation.
Goldenseal inhibits bacterial adhesion to enterocytes

45
Q

Garlic, ginger, licorice root, slippery elm bark, turmeric, and white willow bark are useful in IBD because they are

Pro-kinetic
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-diarrheal
Microbial balancers

A

Anti-inflammatory

46
Q

Artemesia, garlic, goldenseal are useful in IBD because they are

Pro-kinetic
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-diarrheal
Microbial balancers

A

Microbial balance focused

47
Q

For intestinal gas that has an odor, which is useful?

HCL
Digestive Enzymes
Antacids
Bile Acids

A

Digestive enzymes

48
Q

Which is common in chronic renal failure?

Osteoporosis
Celiac Disease
Hyperlipidemia
Hypovitaminosis D

A

Hyperlipidemia

Because of the high incidence of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in individuals in chronic renal failure, a diet providing less than 30% of total calories from fats, less than 20% from saturated fats, and less than 300 mg/day of cholesterol is necessary. A high proportion of complex carbohydrates should replace dietary fat. Omega-3-fattyacids and L- carnitine may be used to reduce circulating triglyceride concentrations.

saturated fat: 20 g (to provide no more than 10% of total dietary calories)

49
Q

When GFR is very low, it is important to restrict phosphorous.

True or False

What is the recomendation?

A

True….phosphate binders are commonly recommended

50
Q

Which is common in Chronic renal failure?

Hypocalcemia
Hypercalcemia

A

Hypocalcemia

51
Q

How much calcium do people in end stage renal disease need to maintain calcium homeostasis?

800-1000 mg/day
1000-1200 mg/day
1200-1600 mg/day
2000 mg/day

A

1200-1600 mg/day

52
Q

Which is more common in Chronic renal failure?

Hypomagnesemia
Hypermagnesemia

A

Hypermagnesemia

53
Q

Respiratory failure requires an ______ in protein needs.

Increase
Decrease

A

Increase

54
Q

Why should high CHO diets be avoided with respiratory failure?

A

The CO2 produced from the oxidation of CHOs can exceed the excretory capacity of the compromised lungs.

55
Q

The Respiratory Quotient is

CO2 expired/O2 consumed
O2 expired/CO2 consumed
Energy needed to inhale/exhale

A

CO2 expired/O2 consumed

56
Q

Rank these in order of least to greatest Respiratory Quotients

Carbs
Fats
Proteins
Mixed diet

A

Fats (0.7)
Proteins (0.8)
Mixed Diet (0.85)
Carbs (1.0)

57
Q

Which kind of fats should be avoided in Short Bowel Syndrome?

MCTs
Long chain fatty acids
Short chain

A

Long chain … they stimulate contractions and induce diarrhea

58
Q

For energy balance in Short Bowel syndrome, use which?

MCTs
Dietary Fiber
Sucrose
All of these

What should be avoided?

A

all of these

AVOID starch and LCFA

59
Q

In steatorrhea, substitute______ for _____

LCFAs, MCTs
MCT, LCFAs
SCFA, LCFAs

A

MCTs, for LCFAs

60
Q

Zinc carnosine supplementation contributes to the reduction of the incidence of

Skeletal muscle weakness
Obesity
GERD
Insulin Resistance

A

Skeletal muscle weakness … zinc is required for protein synthesis

61
Q

Dumping syndrome is accompanied by symptoms of

Acute gastritis
Peptic ulcer disease
Intestinal malabsorption
Faintness, weakness, and profuse perspiration

A

faintness, weakness, profuse perspiration

62
Q

Dietary modifications for an individual with uncomplicated infectious hepatitis include

Restricting fluid intake to less than 2000 ml daily
Restricting fat intake to less than 30g daily
Restricting protein intake to less than 30 g daily
Increasing energy intake to more than 3000 kcal daily

A

Increasing energy intake to > 3000 kcal/d

Anorexia is a common symptom of hepatitis…energy consumption is critical

December CNS Exam (21 decks)

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