principles

Question 1

which Ig is found in mucosa

Answer 1

IgA

Question 2

what produces endotoxin

Answer 2

gram negative, exotoxin is gram positive

Question 3

which Ig is found in breast milk

Answer 3

IgA

Question 4

which Ig is associated with hypersensitivity

Answer 4

IgE

Question 5

what receptors does IgE bind to to bring about a response

Answer 5

Fc receptors

Question 6

what is the most common type of Ig/antibody

Answer 6

IgG

Question 7

what is the first antibody to appear in response to an antigen

Answer 7

IgM

Question 8

where is the trachea palpated?

Answer 8

suprasternal notch/jugular notch

Question 9

what nerve supplies the rectum

Answer 9

S4/inferior rectal nerve

Question 10

what nerve supplies the diaphragm

Answer 10

C3,4,5/ phrenic nerve

Question 11

what antibiotic is used for gram positive cover

Answer 11

vancomycn

Question 12

what bone has no articulations in the body

Answer 12

hyoid bone

Question 13

Vmax?

Answer 13

the maximum velocity of the reaction

Question 14

Km?

Answer 14

concentration of substrate that gives half of the Vmax

Question 15

hyperplasia?

Answer 15

increase in cell number

Question 16

hypertrophy?

Answer 16

increase in cell size

Question 17

gluconeogenesis?

Answer 17

glucose from new sources

Question 18

glycogenolysis?

Answer 18

break down of glycogen

Question 19

what is the absolute refractory period?

Answer 19

where no stimulus will create a new action potential and a relative refractory period where powerful stimuli will over come it

Question 20

how do action potentials jump?

Answer 20

from node to node(of ranvier) by saltatory conduction

Question 21

4 types of healing?

Answer 21

resolution, suppuration, form granulation tissue, chronic inflammation occurs instead of healing

Question 22

drug clearance?

Answer 22

the volume of plasma cleared of a drug per unit time

Question 23

what is vitamin B12 used to regenerate?

Answer 23

folic acid

Question 24

what is crohn’s disease a cause of?

Answer 24

vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 25

what is the target of statins?

Answer 25

HMG-CoA reductase as it is the rate limiting step of cholesterol production

Question 26

what do B cells mediate?

Answer 26

hyperacute organ rejection

Question 27

what is IgE synthesised by?

Answer 27

plasma cells

Question 28

what does IgG do?

Answer 28

enhance phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses

Question 29

what do cytotoxic T cells do?

Answer 29

induce apoptosis in virally infected and tumour cells. they express CD8

Question 30

what do helper T cells do?

Answer 30

recognises antigens presented by MHC class II molecules

Question 31

what do mast cells express?

Answer 31

IgE receptors on the cell surface

Question 32

what is interferon gamma primarily produced by?

Answer 32

NK cells and T helper cells

Question 33

what is the classical complement pathway activated by?

Answer 33

antigen-antibody complexes(IgM/IgG)

Question 34

what do macrolides inhibit?

Answer 34

50s subunit of ribosomes

Question 35

what is the hallmark of TB

Answer 35

caseating granulomatous inflammation

Question 36

describe aspirins pathway

Answer 36

non reversible COX 1 and 2 inhibitor

Question 37

what do Penicillins inhibit?

Answer 37

inhibits cell wall formation