Principles Flashcards
1
Q
Describe the anatomical position (7 points)
A
Standing Facing forwards Face + eyes looking forward Upper limbs by their sides Palms facing forwards Feet together Toes pointing forwards
2
Q
If a patient is lying supine, are they lying on their front or back?
A
On their back
sup-er comfy
3
Q
A prone patient is lying on their ____
A
Front
we are prone to falling over onto our front
4
Q
How does the sagittal plane divide the body?
A
Into left and right parts
5
Q
How does the coronal plane divide the body?
A
Into front and back parts
6
Q
How does the axial plane divide the body?
A
Into upper and lower parts
7
Q
Dorsal surface of the wrist refers to which surface?
A
Posterior
8
Q
Dorsal surface of the hand refers to which surface?
A
Posterior
9
Q
Dorsal surface of the foot refers to which surface?
A
Superior
10
Q
Dorsal surface of the tongue refers to which surface?
A
Posterior/top of tongue
11
Q
Volar surface is which surface of which part of the body?
A
Anterior surface of the wrist
12
Q
Palmar surface is which surface of which part of the body?
A
Anterior surface of the hand
13
Q
Plantar surface is which surface of which part of the body?
A
Inferior surface of the foot
14
Q
Ventral surface is which surface of which part of the body?
A
Anterior/underside surface of tongue
15
Q
What is meant by flexion?
A
Decreasing the angle at a joint
16
Q
What is meant by abduction?
A
Movement away from the median sagittal plane
17
Q
All anterior movements at joints superior to the knee joints are extensions. True/False?
A
False
They are flexions
18
Q
From the knee joint to the toes, all anterior movements at joints are flexions. True/False?
A
False
They are extensions
19
Q
Describe dorsiflexion of the ankle
A
Dorsal surface of foot moves superiorly
this is actually an extension!
20
Q
Describe plantar flexion of the ankle
A
Plantar surface of the foot moves inferiorly
21
Q
What is meant by pronation of the forearm?
A
Anterior surface of forearm rotates such that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly
22
Q
What is meant by supination of the forearm?
A
Rotating back from the pronated position back into the anatomical position
23
Q
When in the anatomical position, the forearm is pronated. True/False?
A
False
It is supinated
24
Q
What is involved in abduction of the thumb?
A
Anterior movement of thumb away from the palm
25
What is involved in extension of the thumb?
Lateral movement of thumb away from the palm
26
What are the 4 basic tissue types in the body?
Epithelia, muscle, connective tissue, nerves
27
What is the major lymphatic vessel of the body?
Thoracic duct
28
Name some functions of bone
Support + protect organs
Calcium metabolism
RBC formation
Provide attachment for skeletal muscle
29
What type of joint is the coronal suture?
Fibrous joint
30
The interosseous membrane between the radius and ulnan is an example of a cartilaginous joint. True/False?
False
| It is a fibrous joint
31
Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint
Epiphyseal growth plate
32
Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint
Intervertebral discs
33
What happens in "slipped disc"?
Inner nucleus pulposus squeezes out and compresses spinal cord
34
What are the 2 types of bursae?
Extensions of the joint cavity
| Closed sacs near the joint cavity
35
Give an example of a pivot joint
Antlantoaxial joint
36
Give an example of a plane joint
Acromioclavicular joint
37
Give an example of a hinge joint
Elbow joint
38
Give an example of a ball and socket joint
Hip joint
39
Give an example of a biaxial joint
Metacarpophalangeal joint
40
Describe a temporomandibular joint
Articulation between the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone + the head of the condylar process of the mandible
41
What is the process by which long bones develop called?
Endochondral ossification
42
What are the 2 components of bone?
```
Outer cortex (dense, strong, compact bone)
Inner medulla (spongy, weak, light bone)
```
43
Outer cortex of bone may contain bone marrow, the site of RBC production. True/False
False
| Inner medulla may contain bone marrow
44
What is the outermost layer of bone called?
Periosteum
45
What makes up the axial skeleton?
Bones of the skull, neck, chest, abdomen and back
46
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the upper limbs, pectoral girdle, lower limbs and pelvic girdle
47
List the bones of the neurocranium
```
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
```
48
Which bone forms the roof of the nasal cavity?
Ethmoid bone
49
What foramen does the spinal cord pass through to the skull?
Foramen magnum
50
Describe the vertebral column in terms of groups of vertebrae
```
Cervical (C1-C7)
Thoracic (T1-T12)
Lumbar (L1-L5)
Sacral (5 sacral form 1 sacrum)
Coccygeal (4 form 1 coccyx)
```
51
Name the components of the vertebral arch
2 x lamina
| 2 x pedicle
52
Cardiac muscle is striated. True/False?
True
53
Describe paralysis
Muscle without functioning motor supply, therefore cannot contract
54
Describe spasticity
Muscle has motor supply, but descending controls not working, resulting in over-contraction
55
The heart is located in the anterior mediastinum. True/False?
False
| Middle mediastinum
56
What are the 3 layers surrounding the heart called?
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
57
The parietal layer is stuck to the heart. True/False?
False
| It is stuck to the fibrous pericardium
58
Which pericardial layer is stuck to the heart?
Visceral layer
59
Where is the pericardial cavity located?
Between the visceral and parietal layers
60
What are the 3 layers of the heart called?
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
Myocardium (muscle layer)
Endocardium (internal lining)
61
Which arteries are the first branches of the aorta?
Coronary arteries
62
Name the 3 surfaces of the heart
Anterior, base (posterior) and diaphragmatic (inferior) surfaces
63
What restricts spread of cardiac electrical impulses?
Cardiac skeleton; fibrous rings of the valves
64
What does the upper respiratory tract comprise of?
Nasal cavities
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
65
At the level of which vertebra does the larynx become the trachea and the pharynx become the oesophagus?
C6
66
How many bronchopulmonary segements does each lung have?
10
67
What supplies the bronchopulmonary segments?
Segmental bronchi
68
The amount of cartilage increases distally in the respiratory tree. True/False?
False
| It decreases
69
What is the nasal septum made up of?
```
Bony posterior (ethmoid + vomer)
Cartilaginous anterior (septal cartilage)
```
70
Name the cartilages of the larynx
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilages
71
Large foreign bodies tend to block the URT at the level of what?
Rima glottidis
72
Name the 4 muscles of mastication
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial + lateral pterygoid
73
Which muscle prevents drooling?
Orbicularis oris
74
Name the 4 papillae on the tongue
Foliate
Vallate
Fungiform
Filiform
75
The outer layer of smooth muscle in the intestines is circularly arranged. True/False?
False
| It is longitudinal; inner muscle is circular
76
What is meant by an intraperitoneal organ?
Almost completely covered in visceral peritoneum
| N.B. is not in the peritoneal cavity
77
What is meant by a retroperitoneal organ?
Located in the retroperitoneum (behind parietal peritoneum), covered only anteriorly by visceral peritoneum
78
Name the organs of the foregut
```
Oesophagus
1/2 duodenum
Liver
Gall bladder
Spleen
1/2 pancreas
```
79
Name the organs of the midgut
1/2 duodenum
2/3 transverse colon
1/2 pancreas
80
Name the organs of the hindgut
1/3 transverse colon
| 1/2 anal canal
81
What are the 3 midline branches of the aorta?
Coeliac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
82
Where do branches of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries lie?
```
SMA = mesentery of small intestine
IMA = mesentery of sigmoid colon
```
83
The splenic vein drains blood from the midgut to the HPV. True/False?
False
| Drains blood from the foregut
84
The IMV drains blood from the hindgut to the HPV. True/False?
False
| Drains to the splenic vein (which drains to HPV)
85
SMV drains blood from midgut to HPV. True/False?
True
86
Endocrine glands secrete enzymes. True/False?
False
| They secrete hormones
87
What is the diencephalon?
Hypothalamus + thalamus
88
What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?
The infundibulum
89
What hormones do hypothalamic neurones manufacture?
Oxytocin
| Vasopressin (ADH)
90
Where are oxytocin and ADH transported to from hypothalamic neurones?
Posterior pituitary
91
Hypothalamic neurones secrete release or release-inhibitory hormones into the hypophyseal portal venous system. Where does this blood then go?
To anterior pituitary and then a second set of veins (hypophyseal veins) and then eventually the SVC
92
What is an enlarged thyroid gland called?
Goitre
93
How many pulmonary veins are there?
4 (2 from each lung)
94
Sympathetic system has craniosacral outflow. True/False?
False
| Thoracolumbar
95
Name the branches of the arch of the aorta
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
96
Which arteries form the Circle of Willis?
```
Right and left internal carotid arteries
Basillar artery (formed by right + left vertebral arteries)
```
97
Where is the carotid sinus located?
Most proximal part of the internal carotid artery
98
What does the subclavian artery become?
Axillary artery - brachial artery - radial and ulnar arteries
99
What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?
Right and left common iliac arteries
100
Which branch of the common iliac artery supplies the pelvis?
Internal iliac artery
101
Which branch of the common iliac artery supplies the lower limbs?
External iliac artery
102
The thoracic duct drains lymph into the left venous angle. True/False?
True
103
What drains lymph into the right venous angle?
The right lymphatic duct
104
In the upright posture, excess peritoneal fluid will collect where?
Rectouterine pouch of Douglas
105
Fertilisation usually occurs where?
Ampulla of uterine tube
106
Where does implantation usually occur?
The body of the uterus
107
Describe passage of sperm from seminiferous tubules
Pass into rete testis - head of epididymis - vas deferens - spermatic cord - ejaculatory duct - urethra
108
What does the spermatic cord contain?
Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Pampiniform venous plexus
109
What are the structures of the renal hilum?
Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter
110
Where are nephrons located?
In renal pyramids in the medulla
111
What are the 3 major sites of ureteric constriction?
Pelviureteric junction
Anterior aspect of common iliac artery
Ureteric orifice
112
What do axons do?
Convey action potentials
113
Which cranial nerves have parasympathetic innervation?
C3, C7, C9, C10
114
CN I + its function + which foramen it passes through
Olfactory, sensory, cribriform plate
115
CN II + its function + which foramen it passes through
Optic, sensory, optic canal
116
CN III + its function + which foramen it passes through
Oculomotor, motor, superior orbital fissure
117
CN IV + its function + which foramen it passes through
Trochlear, motor, superior orbital fissure
118
CN V + its function + which foramen it passes through
Trigeminal, sensory + motor
Opthalmic = superior orbital fissure
Maxillary = foramen rotundum
Mandibular = foramen ovale
119
CN VI + its function + which foramen it passes through
Abducent, motor, superior orbital fissure
120
CN VII + its function + which foramen it passes through
Facial, sensory + motor, internal acoustic meatus
121
CN VIII + its function + which foramen it passes through
Vesibulocochlear, sensory, internal acoustic meatus
122
CN IX + its function + which foramen it passes through
Glossopharyngeal, sensory + motor, jugular foramen
123
CN X + its function + which foramen it passes through
Vagus, sensory + motor, jugular foramen
124
CN XI + its function + which foramen it passes through
Spinal accessory, motor, jugular foramen
125
CN XII + its function + which foramen it passes through
Hypoglossal, motor, hypoglossal canal
126
White matter in the brain is deep to grey matter. True/False?
True
127
White matter in the CNS is deep to grey matter. True/False?
False
| Grey matter is deep to white matter in the CNS
128
What do roots and rootlets do?
Connect spinal nerve to spinal cord
129
What do rami do?
Connect spinal nerve to body wall structures
