Principles and Theories of Learning and Performance

Question 1

What is the cognitive phase?

Answer 1

When a beginner who tries to work out and understand what is required to perform the new movement - trial and error process

Question 2

What type of guidance is used in the cognitive phase?

Answer 2

Manual and mechanical

Question 3

What type of feedback is used in the cognitive phase?

Answer 3

Extrinsic and positive

Question 4

What is the associative phase?

Answer 4

The (practice) phase
The learner will compare their current level of performance with a top level player
Long periods of practice

Question 5

What type of guidance is used in the associative phase?

Answer 5

Verbal and visual

Question 6

What type of feedback is used in the associative phase?

Answer 6

Intrinsic

Question 7

What is the autonomous phase?

Answer 7

Movements are perfected to the point where they are almost automatic
Finer details are focused on

Question 8

What occurs in stage 1 of the learning plateau?

Answer 8

The performer is in the cognitive phase therefore success rate is low
Demands high attention and concentration

Question 9

What occurs in stage 2 of the learning plateau?

Answer 9

Performer practices therefore increases success rate
Enters the associative phase
Motivation increases

Question 10

What occurs in stage 3 of the learning plateau?

Answer 10

Performer reaches plateau so they can no longer progress
Performance levels are maintained

Question 11

What occurs in stage 4 of the learning plateau?

Answer 11

Performer has a dip in their success rate due to a lack of motivation

Question 12

What are the factors that cause the learning plateau?

Answer 12

Lack of motivation
Mental/physical fatigue
Limit of ability is reached
Poor coaching
Incorrect goals set
Fatigue

Question 13

How do you prevent a lack of motivation from occurring?

Answer 13

Set new tasks
Use variable practice
Offer tangible rewards

Question 14

How do you prevent mental/physical fatigue?

Answer 14

Allow the performer to rest
Use distributed practice

Question 15

What do you do if the performer’s limit of ability is reached?

Answer 15

Allow them to compete against others of similar ability

Question 16

What do you do if there is poor coaching?

Answer 16

Try a variety of coaching methods
Try an alternative coach

Question 17

What to do if indirect goals have been set?

Answer 17

Set goals using the SMARTER principle

Question 18

Who came up with the Insight Learning theory?

Answer 18

Gestalt

Question 19

What does the Insight Learning theory briefly state?

Answer 19

A performer will use their existing knowledge to form an idea of how to deal with problems in a sporting situation - if this proves successful, they are likely to use it again in similar situations in the future

Question 20

What does the Insight Learning approach focus on?

Answer 20

The whole skill rather than parts, as well as skills that are realistic in relation to a game or event

Question 21

What are some advantages of Insight Learning?

Answer 21

Improves motivation and self satisfaction
The performer must think for themselves
Improves understanding through cognitive processes

Question 22

What is a disadvantage to the Insight Learning theory?

Answer 22

May not be suitable for a novice performer due to a lack of experience and understanding

Question 23

Who investigated Operant Conditioning?

Answer 23

Skinner

Question 24

What is Operant Conditioning?

Answer 24

When the coach uses a manipulative approach (types of reinforcement) to ensure that skills are learned correctly - using the idea that actions are rewarded are more likely to be repeated

Question 25

Which 3 features is Operant Conditioning based on?

Answer 25

Trial and error learning Shapes behaviour using reinforcement Manipulation of the environment

Question 26

What is the stimulus - response bond?

Answer 26

When a link between the stimulus and the response is strengthened

Question 27

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 27

When a pleasant stimulus (e.g a reward) is given to increase the likelihood of a correct behaviour being repeated

Question 28

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 28

When an unpleasant stimulus is removed when an action is performed correctly - the performer will avoid the unpleasant stimulus by repeating the correct behaviour

Question 29

What is punishment?

Answer 29

When an unpleasant stimulus is presented to prevent incorrect behaviour from being repeated

Question 30

Who investigated Observational Learning?

Answer 30

Bandura

Question 31

What does the theory of Observational learning state?

Answer 31

We learn behaviours by watching and then copying others

Question 32

How may a coach use the idea of Observational Learning to their advantage?

Answer 32

They may ensure that they use certain strategies and correct techniques in demonstrations to make sure that their performers learn the skills correctly

Question 33

What are the 4 processes Bandura said were most likely to ensure success when observing others?

Answer 33

Attention Retention Motor production Motivation

Question 34

How is attention likely to increase Observational Learning?

Answer 34

If the demo is clear and attractive, the performer can take note of the relevant cues in the skill as their attention can be grabbed and functions and reasons for learning can be understood by the performer

Question 35

What is retention?

Answer 35

The ability to remember information and recall it from memory - the learner should be able to remember the demo by breaking it into chunks and repeating it The learner should attempt the skill as soon as it has been seen

Question 36

What is motor production?

Answer 36

Ensuring the performer can physically copy the demo (set task that is the same level as the performer) In early stages, success should be ensured by setting easy tasks then progressing as success it seen

Question 37

What is motivation?

Answer 37

The drive needed to copy the demo Motivate the learner by giving them praise or reward/positive feedback

Question 38

Who came up with the Social Development Theory?

Answer 38

Vygotsky

Question 39

What does the Social Development Theory briefly state?

Answer 39

Interaction with others plays a vital role in learning - these can be learnt from MKOs (more knowledgable other)

Question 40

What is inter-psychological learning?

Answer 40

When the learn will use the MKO to get advice, feedback and tactical knowledge

Question 41

What is intra-psychological learning?

Answer 41

After external advice has been absorbed by the learner, they will then use cognitive aspects of skill acquisition in order to analyse, think about and construct actions based on what they have learned

Question 42

What is constructivism?

Answer 42

The idea that we build upon our existing knowledge by learning from the actions of those around us who are more experienced

Question 43

What are the 3 zones of proximal development (assessment of what they need to do the next skill)?

Answer 43

What can I do alone? What can I do with help? What can I not do yet?