Principles - Bones and Fractures Flashcards
(35 cards)
What is ossification?
This is the process in which hyaline cartilage turns to bone in synchondroses e.g. in long bones like the humerus, femur to allow growth
What is the structure of a long bone?
An epiphysis at each end
An epiphyseal growth plate at each end
Metaphysis
Diaphysis - the middle/shaft
What is the structure of bone?
outer cortex - dense, strong, heavy, compact bone
inner medulla - more porous, weaker, lighter, spongy/ cancellous - bone marrow may be found here
Where are red and white blood cells produced?
red bone marrow
What is the periosteum?
This is the fibrous connective tissue ‘sleeve’ that covers all bones - except where there is articular cartilage e.g. joints of long bones
Vascularised
Well innervated
Describe the process of fracture healing.
Fractured left clavicle
Initial healing - callus of new bone surrounding fracture line
Callus remodelling, reassuming normal shape
Healed left clavicle
What is a callus?
A collection of bone and cartilage cells, mostly fibroblasts, secreting a lot of collagen, making a collar around the fractured ends of the bone, then makes a bridge.
How can bony features develop?
They develop during bone growth:
1 - functional - best shape for their job
2 - an adjacent structure (e.g. blood vessel, another bone) applies a force to developing bone moulding its shape e.g. tuberosity
3 - an adjacent structure is developing at the same time as the bone - bone has to grow around the other structure e.g. forming a foramen (hole)
Why do tibial tuberosities develop?
- the patella tendon pulls on that part of the one
- applies force and eventually bone grows out in that direction
What is a tubercle/tuberosity?
a small rounded projection or protuberance e.g. greater tubercle of the humerus, at the proximal end of the humerus
What is the medial malleolus?
The prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia
What is the floor of the cranial cavity divided into?
Three fossae:
anterior, middle and posterior
What is a foraminae? (singular foramen)
This is a hole that cranial nerves and the brain’s blood supply passes through (into or out of the cranial cavity)
What forms the axial skeleton?
Bones of the skull, neck and trunk (chest, abdomen and back)
What forms the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicles), upper limbs, pelvic girdle (hip bones and sacrum), lower limb
What are the bones of the cranial vault/neurocranium?
occipital bone - back left and right parietal bones - top frontal bone - front left and right temporal bone - temples sphenoid bone
What divides the left and right parietal bones?
The sagittal suture
What are the bones of the facial skeleton/ viscerocranium?
Left and right nasal bones - nose
Left and right zygoma - cheek bone
Maxilla - below/ next to nose
Mandible - jaw
What are the Le Fort fractures?
Le Fort 1 - fracture across roots of superior teeth, quire minimal
Le Fort II - more extensive, includes nasal bone and zygoma
Le Fort III - involves most of the bones of the face, except the mandible
Describe the mandible.
Mental process - chin
Angle - back of the jaw, almost a right angle
Condylar process - where the jaw articulates with the temporal bone
Coronoid process - triangular process in front of condylar process
Ramus - behind lower teeth
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7 - C1-C7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12 - T1-T12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5 - L1-L5
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
5 - fused to form one sacrum
