Principles knowledge corrections Flashcards by alysha loomba

strict aerobes

pseudomonas - gram -ve

legionella - gram -ve

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viruses contain

RNA/DNA

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what antibiotics act on bacterial cell wall

penicillins, cephalosporins, glycopeptides

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penicilins

safe in preg, exreted via kidney, bactericidal

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phenoxymethyl - penicillin

penicilin V

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beta lactamase

destroys amoxicillin

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co- amoxiclav

tracts everything apart from pseudomonas and MRSA

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cephalosporins

bactericidal, sage in preg, excreted via kidneys and urine

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gentamicin

aminoglycosides antibiotics, bacteriostatic and bactericidal, not safe in preg , excreted via urine

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antibiotics that act on bacterial DNA

metronidazole, trimethoprium +/- sulphanimide, fluroquinolones

sulphanimide- bacteriostatic and makes co-trimoxazole

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antibiotics causing C.diff

ciprofloaxan, co- amxoxiclav, clindamycin, cephalosporins/ cefriaxone

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acrocentric chromosomes

p arm too short

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aneuploidy

abnormal no. of chromosome s
monosomy- 1 missing
trisomy- extra

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Robertsonian translocation

chromosome attaches to another chromosome at centromere

13,14,15,21,22

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x linked disease

disease on X chromosome
female carriers- 0.5 M and F kids affected
M carriers- F kids carriers

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epigenetic variation

changes in the genome that don’t change nucleotide sequence

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methylation

inhibits DNA transcription

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5 types of leukocytes/ WBC

neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

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major opsonins

C3b, collectins, Fc of IgG, CRP

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oxidative killing

NADPH oxidase

O2 to free radicals

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interferons

limits viral infections

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interleukons

tell cells to differentiate

produced by T cells

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classical pathway

C1,C4, C2,C3

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lectin pathway

manose binding lectin to carbs

no antibodies cause this is like C1 binding

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complement inhibitors

C1, factor I and H, C4 binding protein , CD59

IgE activates

mast cells

T cell activation

MHC binding T cell receptor | B7 binding to CD28

IL-4, IL-5, IFNy

activates B cells and increases killing

pro inflammatory cytokines

IL-1, IL-6, TNF

AA groups

non polar hydrophobic, polar uncharged, acidic, basic

central dogma

DNA transcribed to RNA | translated to protein

Pol I, II and III

Pol I and III synthesise stable RNA | Pol II - all RNA

can enzymes change equilibrium position

apoenzymes

enzyme without co factor

isoenzymes

catalyse same reactions as enzymes but diff structure

isoenzyme, M form made in skeletal muscle , B form in brain, MB form in heart

Zymogens

inactive precursors of enzymes

comp inhibition

vmax same | km increased

non comp inhibition

vmax lower | km same

T and R

T- enzyme inactive | R- active when there is a substrate

-ve electron transfer protiential

more likely to donate electrons than H2

Vd/ volume distribution

dose/ plasma con volume where drug is dissoleved

sympathetic pre ganglionic

AcH | cholinergenic

sympathetic post ganglionic

adrenergic | noradrenaline

post ganglionic neurone

Noradrenaline taken up by and broken down by

taken by U2 | broken down by COMT

Co/ initial con

D/Vd

t 1/2

0.69 Kel

1rst order kinetic drugs

dose changes Cp but not t 1/2

resting membrane potential/ Vm

-70mV

Na+ channel activation cascade

+ve feedback

refractory period of AP

inactivated Na channels, repolarisation to closed state

supparation

pus, living and dying cells, dead neutrophils, debris, bacteria

granulomatous tissue formation

cappilaries grow into inflammatory exudate with macroohages and fibroblasts angiogenesis, fibroblast prolycration and collegen synthesis

barretts oesophagus

squamous to glandular epithelium

senescence

deterioation of cell function

modulators of angiogenesis

hypoxia, VEGF, TNF alpha

how to sarcomas metastasise

haematogenous

onogenes

PDGF, ras, src

1-3 lymph nodes

4+ lymph nodes affect

tight junctions

join lateral edges of epithelium cells near apical membranes

Na, K pump

3Na+ out | 2K in

2ndary active transport

symport (solute and ion move in the same direction) | antiport- move in opposite directions

baroreceptors

control MAP located in aortic arch and carotid bodies control centre- meduella oblongata effectors- heart and blood vessels

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle/ min | SV x HR

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle/ heart beat

in starvation what controls glucose

cortisol and GH

insulin decreases glucose

uptake of glucose by muscle and fat cells activate liver enzymes glucose to glucagon

glucagon increases glucose

increase glycogenolysis/ inhibits glycogen synthesis

cortisol increases glucose

stimulate protien catabolism, lypolysis and gluconeogenesis