Principles Of Neoplasia

Question 1

Neoplasia is tissue growth that is (3)

Answer 1

Unregulated
Irreversible
Monoclonal

Question 2

Clonality of cells was determined by ___ isoforms

Answer 2

G6PD enzyme

Question 3

Normal ratio of active G6PD isoforms

Answer 3

1:1 - maintained in hyperplasia but not neoplasia

Question 4

Clonality in neoplasia can also be determined by ___ aside form G6PD isoforms

Answer 4

androgen receptor isoforms

Question 5

Clonality of B lymphocytes is determined by ____

Answer 5

Ig light chain phenotype

Question 6

Each B cell expresses light chain that is either kappa or lambda. Normal kappa to lambda light chain ration is?

Answer 6

3:1

Question 7

Enlarged lymph node differential diagnosis

Answer 7

Metastatic CA
Reactive hyperplasia
Lymphoma

Question 8

Approximately how many divisions need to occur in neoplasia before earliest clinical symptoms arise?

Answer 8

30 divisions

Question 9

Carcinogenic agent: alkylating agent. Cancer?

Answer 9

Leukemia, lymphoma

Question 10

Carcinogenic agent: alcohol. Cancer?

Answer 10

SCCA of oropharynx and and upper esophagus

HPCCA

Question 11

Carcinogenic agent: arsenic. Cancer?

Answer 11

SquaCA of skin
Lung CA
ANGIOSARCOMA OF LIVER

Question 12

Carcinogenic agent: asbestos

Answer 12

Cancer: lung CA and mesothelioma

Question 13

Carcinogenic agent: cigarette smoke

Answer 13

Cancer: carcinoma of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, bladder, pancreas

Question 14

Carcinogenic agent: nitrosamine

Answer 14

Cancer: stomach carcinoma - intestinal type

Question 15

Carcinogenic agent: napthylamine

Answer 15

Cancer: urothelial carcinoma of bladder

Question 16

Carcinogenic agent: Vinyl chloride

Used in PVC in pipes

Answer 16

Cancer: angiosarcoma of liver

Question 17

Carcinogenic agent: Nickel, chromium, beryllium, or silica

Answer 17

Cancer: lung CA

Question 18

Oncogenic virus: EBV

Answer 18

NPCA
Burkitt lymphoma
CNS lymphoma in AIDS

Chinese, male or african

Question 19

Oncogenic virus: HHV8

Answer 19

Kaposi sarcoma

Seen in AIDS and transplant patients

Question 20

Oncogenic virus: HTLV-1

Answer 20

Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma

Question 21

Radiation: ionizing

Generates hydroxyl free radicals

Answer 21

Cancer: AML, CML, papillary CA of thyropid

Question 22

Nonionizing radiation

results in formation of pyrimidine dimers which are normally excised by restriction endonuclease

Answer 22

Basal cell carcinoma
SquaCA and melanoma of skin

Xeroderma pigmentosum

Question 23

PDGF-B associated tumor?

Answer 23

Astrocytoma

Question 24

ERB-B2 (HER2/NEU) cancer?

Trastuzumab

Answer 24

Subset of breast CA

Question 25

RET associated tumor?

Answer 25

MEN 2A, 2B | SPORADIC MEDULLARY CARCINOMA OF THYROID

Question 26

KIT associated tumor?

Answer 26

GIST - gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Question 27

RAS gene family associated tumor? GAP —> GTP binding protein

Answer 27

Carcinomas melanoma and lymphoma

Question 28

ABL associated tumor? T(9;22) with BCR

Answer 28

CML and some types of ALL (Ph+ in adult)

Question 29

C-MYC associated tumor? T(8;14) involving IgH

Answer 29

Burkitt lymphoma Starry sky

Question 30

N-MYC associated tumor?

Answer 30

Neuroblastoma

Question 31

L-MYC associated tumor?

Answer 31

Small cell lung carcinoma

Question 32

CCND1 (cyclin D1) associated tumor? T(11;14) involving IgH

Answer 32

Mantle cell lymphoma

Question 33

CDK4 associated tumor?

Answer 33

Melanoma

Question 34

If DNA repair is not possible, p53 induces ____

Answer 34

Apoptosis

Question 35

P53 upregulates BAX which disrupts ___ Cytochrome c then leaks from the mitochondria

Answer 35

Bcl2

Question 36

Knudson 2 hit hypothesis is needed in what genes?

Answer 36

P53 and Rb

Question 37

Germline mutation results in ___ (2nd hit is somatic)

Answer 37

Li-Fraumeni syndrome - propensity to develop multiple types of carcinomas and sarcomas

Question 38

Sporadic mutations (both hits are somatic) is characterized by ____ (unilat/bilat) retinoblastoma

Answer 38

Unilateral

Question 39

Germline mutation results in ____ retinoblastoma (2nd hit is somatic) characterized by ____ and ____

Answer 39

Familial retinoblastoma Bilateral retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma

Question 40

What is overexpressed in follicular lymphoma?

Answer 40

Bcl2 T(14;18) moves Bcl2 (chromosome 18) to the Ig heavy chain locus (chromosome 14) resulting in increased Bcl2

Question 41

What is necessary for cell immortality

Answer 41

Telomerase

Question 42

___ spread is characteristic of carcinomas?

Answer 42

Lymphatic spread

Question 43

____ spread is characteristic of sarcomas and some carcinomas

Answer 43

Hematogenous Renal cell carcinoma (invades renal vein) HPCC (invades hepatic vein) Follicular carcinoma of thyroid Choriocarcinoma

Question 44

___ is characteristic of ovarian carcinoma which often involves the peritoneum (omental caking)

Answer 44

Seeding of body cavities

Question 45

IHC stain: keratin

Answer 45

Epithelium - carcinoma

Question 46

IHC stain: vimentin

Answer 46

Mesenchyme - sarcoma, CT cells

Question 47

IHC stain: desmin

Answer 47

Muscle

Question 48

IHC stain: GFAP

Answer 48

Neuroglia

Question 49

IHC stain: neurofilament

Answer 49

IHC stain: neurons

Question 50

IHC stain: PSA

Answer 50

Prostatic epithelium

Question 51

IHC stain: thyroglobulin

Answer 51

Thyroid follicular cells

Question 52

IHC stain: chromogranin

Answer 52

Neuroendocrine cells | -small cell carcinoma of lung and carcinoid tumoirs

Question 53

IHC stain: S-100

Answer 53

Melanoma Schwannoma Langerhans cell histiocytosis