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Psych year one > principles of neuroscience > Flashcards

principles of neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

first account of brain

A

ancient egypt

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2
Q

what is dualism?

A

plato
body and soul
soul = essemtial
three parts, reason emotion and desire

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3
Q

what is aristotles view of the soul

A

monism
3 divisions
soul in heart
brain cools blood bc heart first to develop

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4
Q

hippocrates

A

materialism - the brain is the only cause of our behaviour, injuries to one side of the brain lead to damage on the other side of the body. Diseases have natural causes rather than being cause by Gods.

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5
Q

roman period

A

galen
4 humours
nevres filled with humours since they connected to all different parts of body

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6
Q

da vinici anatomical drawing

A

three ventrcles in brain holding humours
common sense, thinking and memory

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7
Q

descartes

A

substance dualism
pineal gland = valve that controls flow of liquid into body , this is our mind

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8
Q

West riding pauper lunatic asylum

A

John hughlings Jackson - seizures that affected left side of brain result in change in the right side of the body.

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9
Q

Willis

A

father of neursoecience terms such as ceberal cortex, localistaion of cuntion, less education from galen so new view of brain

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10
Q

franz gall

A

phrenology - bumps on head - measured and assigned to a behaviour trait

Essentially localisation of function - flawed brain is too soft to influence the structure of the skull - not a favourable study

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11
Q

Fluorenes

A

equipotentiality - brain = holistic, size of lesion more important than where

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12
Q

Broca’s area

A

frontal lobe, speech production, if damaged laborious slow speech, as found in his patient ‘Tan’ who could only say tan, found abnormalities in his brain during post-mortem examination.

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13
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

speech comprehension, meaningless speech if damaged

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14
Q

Phineas gage

A

nice guy, injured frontal lobe, completely changed

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15
Q

what advancements in technology FIRST improved our understanding of structure of the brain

A

microscope
microtome
stains

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16
Q

Glolgi

A

developed reliable stain of brain showing neural pathways

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17
Q

proof of synapses

A

sherrington using electron microscope

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18
Q

brodmann and localisation

A

different because they have differemt architecture

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19
Q

Galvani and electrical communication

A

frog legs suspended from a wire moved when lightning struck

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20
Q

what happened when japanese actore are liver of puffer fish

A

he died because their poison prevents the transmission of action potentials, couldnt move diaghram so died.

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21
Q

what are the three potentials of a neuron

A

resting action potential and graded

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22
Q

how does a neuron maintain its resting state?

A

resting state = -70mV
there are ions in and outside of the cell membrane
there are more sodium out of the cell and pottasium inside of the cell due to gradients and electrical gradient this stays that way.
there are ion pumps and ion channels that control movement of ions in the membrane.,
sodium-pottasium pump pumps out 3 sodium ions and takes in 2 potasium ions. more.

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23
Q

what is in the cell membrane

A

leaky channels = free flowing (sodium and pottasium)
voltage gated pump - sodium potassium pump - lets two K in and Na three out

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24
Q

what is resting charge of neuron

A

negative

25
Q

what is hyperpolarisation?

A

this is when a negative current occurs in the cell and there is an inhibitory effect that causes the cell to be less likely to fire

26
Q

what is depolarisation?

A

when there is a change in membrane potential from negative to positive and action potential is more likely to fire.

27
Q

what is the threshold for an excitatory effect

A

-50mV

28
Q

describe action potential process

A

when reach threshold sodium channel opens and depolarisation occurs
influx of MA into the cell making the cell positivley charged.
then K flows out

29
Q

how what is synaptic tranmission

A
  1. Calcium ions enter the axon terminal of the pre-synaptic neuron
  2. This causes the vesicles with the pre-synaptic neuron to release the neurotransmitter
  3. The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic clef and bins to the receptor cites on the post synaptic neuron
  4. The NT open allowing ions to move into the PSN causing a change in action potential
  5. NT are membrane proteins in the post-synaptic cell, the NT is specific to a receptor cite. When they bind to the appropriate one an ion channel opens, ions flow through the ion channel changing the electrical potential of the post-synaptic cell .
  6. When they have surged their purpose they need to be removed from the synaptic clef. This happens via glutamate uptake. Where glial cells reuptake excess NT so that it can be used again.
30
Q

how is excess NT removed from synaptic clef?

A

via glutamate uptake
glial cells reuptake excess NT so it can be used again

31
Q

what are glial cells

A

hold the brain together

32
Q

name three glial cells

A

atrocyte
oligodendrocyte
microglial cells

33
Q

front/back of brain

A

anterior/posterior

34
Q

above/below

A

Superior/dorsal & inferior/ventral

35
Q

Gyri

A

raised areas of the brain that increase surface area

36
Q

sulci

A

grooves of brain

37
Q

central sulcus

A

divides frontal and parietal lobe

38
Q

sylvian fisher

A

Sylvian fisher divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe

39
Q

coronal plane

A

divides front and back

40
Q

sagittal plane

A

right hemisphere and left

41
Q

horizontal plane

A

top and bottom

42
Q

Basil ganglia

A

important in controlling movement, brain area is associated with Tourette’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease

43
Q

Amygdala

A

emotional information, activity is higher in people with psychopathy

44
Q

Thalamus

A

centre of the brain, important for sensory processing, vision, hearing and touch

45
Q

Hippocampus

A

involved in memory, damage to this area stops the development of new memories

46
Q

Hypothalamus

A

homeostasis, monitors water levels and regulates internal body states such as hunger. Triggers satiety and hunger, minting internal environment.

47
Q

Pineal gland

A

melatonin for sleep/wake cycle

48
Q

Meninges and ventricles

A

Fluid in ventricles provides a cushion that coats the space between the brain and the skull

Cerebral spinal flood kept in place by membrane named meninges which covers the brain to hold the fluid in

49
Q

howler monkey vs spider monkey

A

howler monkey and spider monkey are the same size
howler monkey has lexx complex behaviour though whilst spider monkeys more complex
spider has lerger brain

50
Q

evolution of human brain

A

our body has increased by 50% whilst brain 250%

51
Q

superior colliculus

A

vision

52
Q

inferior colliculus

A

hearing

53
Q

describe relationship between specie and the IC & SC

A

bat and dolphin = larger IC since they use heaing whilst ibex and tarsier bigger SC for vision

54
Q

describe clarks nutracker hippocampus

A

larger hippocampus for its body size dues to its ability to store food in various locations and remebr where what food is stored where

55
Q

relationship between neocortex and social behaviours in monkeys

A

monkeys have a larger neoxortex, as this incraeses more complex behaviours incraese such as deception

56
Q

dunbars number for humans

A

this is our social circle for our brain
150

57
Q

relationship between intelligence and brain size

A

only a small positive correlation

but there is a correlation between stage of development and intelligence

58
Q

violin players study

A

they have a larger area in the brain for D5 (pinky finger) because this does more complex movements that the non-violinist

59
Q

phone study

A

people with phone who use thumb have larger area in brain

Psych year one (19 decks)

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