Principles of Psychology Chapter 1 Flashcards
(51 cards)
What is Psychology?
It is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
What is Behavior?
It includes all of our outward or overt actions and reactions, such as talking, facial expressions, and movement.
What are Mental Processes?
They refer to all the internal, covert (hidden) activity of our minds, such as thinking, feeling, and remembering.
What are the Four Goals of Psychology?
- Description: What is Happening?
- Explanation: Why is it happening?
- Prediction: Will it happen again?
- Control: How can it be changed?
Who started Psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 in a laboratory in Germany
What is Objective Introspection?
It is the process of objectively examining and measuring one’s own thoughts and mental activities.
Who started Structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt’s student, Edward Titchener.
What is Structuralism?
It is the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind. That every experience could be broken down into its individual emotions and sensations.
Who was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology?
Titchener’s Student, Margaret F. Washburn.
What book did Margaret F. Washburn release?
The Animal Mind in 1908.
Which school was the first in America to teach Psychology?
Harvard in the late 1870’s.
Who created Functionalism?
William James.
What is Functionalism?
It focuses focuses on how the mind allows people to work, play, and adapt to their surroundings.
Who created Gesalt Psychology?
Max Wertheimer
What does the word ‘Gesalt’ mean?
It is a German word meaning “an organized whole” or “configuration,” .
What is Gesalt Psychology?
It is early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures.
What is Cognitive Psychology?
It is a field focusing not only on perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving.
Who created Psychoanalysis?
It is the theory and therapy based on Sigmund Freud’s ideas.
Freud proposed existence of an unconscious mind into which we push, or repress, all of our threatening urges and desires.
What is Psychoanalysis?
It is emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts.
When does a person form their personality?
In the first 6 years of a person’s life.
Who created Behaviorism?
John B. Watson.
Watson proved that phobias are learned through the process of conditioning with an experiment with Little Albert: taught to fear a white rat.
What is Behaviorism?
It is the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only.
Who is Mary Cover Jones?
An early pioneer in behavior therapy.
What are the 7 Modern Perspectives?
- Psychodynamic Perspective: modern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of motivations behind a person’s behavior other than sexual motivations.
- Behavioral Perspective: He developed a theory called operant conditioning, to explain how voluntary behavior is learnt.
- Humanistic Perspective: Emphasized the human potential, the ability of each person to become the best person he or she should be.
- Cognitive Perspective: It’s focused on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem solving, language, and learning.
- Sociocultural Perspective: combines two areas of study: a) social psychology, which is the study of groups, social roles, and rules of social actions and relationships.
b) cultural psychology, which is the study of cultural norms.
Focuses on the relationships between social behavior and culture.
- Biopsychological Perspective: human and animal behavior is seen as biological events in the body. Such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system.
- Evolutionary Perspective: It focuses on the biological bases for universal mental characteristics that all humans share.
