Principles Week Two

Question 1

Define the circulatory system

Answer 1

Cardiovascular system+Lymphatic system

Question 2

Define the cardiovascular system

Answer 2

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

Question 3

Define the great vessels

Answer 3

Vessels that are connected directly to the heart chambers;

• pulmonary trunk
• superior vena cava
• inferior vena cava
• pulmonary trunk
• aorta
• pulmonary veins

Question 4

Describe the relationship between arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins?

Answer 4

Continuous with each other at capillary beds of organs and tissues

artery, arteriole, capillaries, venue, vein

Question 5

Where does the exchange of nutrients and waste etc. occur?

Answer 5

The capillary bed

Question 6

Where are arteries found?

Answer 6

in a neuromuscular bundle with vein and nerve

Question 7

Explain branches of arteries

Answer 7

supply territory via branches
Bifurcation-dividing into 2 terminal branches
trifurcation-three terminal branches
Trunk or common means the artery will divide again

Question 8

What kind of pressure is seen inside arteries?

Answer 8

> 120/80mmHg

Question 9

What is the blood flow like in arteries?

Answer 9

Pulsatile

Question 10

What is an anastomosis?

Answer 10

Connection between arteries without a capillary network in between

Question 11

What are collaterals?

Answer 11

An alternative route of blood flow

e.g. circle of willis

Question 12

What are end arteries?

Answer 12

Only arterial blood supply to a particular area

Question 13

What does the aorta carry?

Answer 13

Systemic arterial blood at high pressure

Question 14

How does the aorta deal with pressure?

Answer 14

elastic fibres in walls. they also maintain peripheral blood flow when heart relaxes

Question 15

What is the territory of the aorta

Answer 15

the whole body

Question 16

What are the four parts of the aorta and branches within them?

Answer 16

Ascending aorta

• 2 branches
• Right and left coronary arteries

Arch of aorta
-3 branches
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left common carotid
Left subclavian

Thoracic aorta
-Multiple branches

Abdominal aorta

• 3 unpaired, midline branches
• 3 paired, bilateral branches

Question 17

What does the brachiocephalic trunk bifurcate into?

Answer 17

right common carotid and right subclavian artery

Question 18

What does the right subclavian change to as it progresses throughout the limb?

Answer 18

Right subclavian
Right auxiliary
Right brachial
Bifurcates at elbow into right ulnar and right radial

Question 19

What does the common carotid bifurcate into?

Answer 19

External and internal carotid

Question 20

What is the carotid sinus?

Answer 20

Most proximal usually dilated part of internal carotid artery

Question 21

Where is the carotid sinus located?

Answer 21

Found at superior border of thyroid cartilage

Question 22

What innervates the carotid sinus and what does it do?

Answer 22

Innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Detects changes in arterial blood pressure

Question 23

What does the carotid body do?

Answer 23

Detect blood gas levels and pH

Question 24

What innervates the carotid body?

Answer 24

glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

Question 25

What two vessels supply the brain?

Answer 25

internal carotid artery | vertebral artery

Question 26

What does the Internal carotid artery travel through?

Answer 26

Carotid canal

Question 27

What does the vertebral artery branch from? and travel through?

Answer 27

The subclavian artery | The vertebral foramina of cervical vertebrae then through foramen magnum to supply the brain

Question 28

What are the arteries within the circle of willis?

Answer 28

right internal carotid artery, the basilar artery (formed from the 2 vertebral arteries joining together), left internal carotid artery

Question 29

What is the BBB

Answer 29

Tight junction between brain capillary endothelial cells, astrocyte processes surround the brain capillaries.

Question 30

What does the BBB do?

Answer 30

Help prevent the diffusion of some substances

Question 31

What are the branches of the thoracic artery?

Answer 31

Bilateral -Posterior intercostal arteries Anterior surface arteries - bronchial arteries (lungs) - oesophageal arteries - mediastinal arteries - pericardial arteries - phrenic arteries

Question 32

What marks the end of the thoracic aorta?

Answer 32

The diaphragm

Question 33

Describe roughly the branches of the abdominal aorta?

Answer 33

3 unpaired arteries from anterior surfaces | 3 bilateral paired arteries from lateral surface

Question 34

What does the abdominal artery bifurcate into?

Answer 34

Common iliac arteries

Question 35

What does the common iliac branch into and supply?

Answer 35

Common Iliacs bifurcate into Internal and External Iliac arteries Internal iliac supplies pelvis & perineum External iliac supplies lower limb

Question 36

What are the peripheral pulses and where are they found?

Answer 36

Carotid pulse Bifurcation of common carotid Posterior at level of thyroid cartilage Brachial Pulse Anterior to elbow joint Radial pulse Radial side of volar aspect of wrist Femoral Pulse Midpoint of groin Popliteal pulse Posterior to knee joint Posterior tibial pulse Posterior to medial malleolus of tibia Dorsalis pedis pulse On dorsum of foot

Question 37

Where do veins run?

Answer 37

In a neurovascular bundle with arteries of the same name

Question 38

What do veins do?

Answer 38

drain a territory

Question 39

What do veins have instead of territories?

Answer 39

Have merging tributaries rather than ‘branches’ Venules merge to form small veins, which merge to form large veins, which merge to form central veins, which merge to connect to heart

Question 40

What is the course of veins like compared to arteries?

Answer 40

much smoother

Question 41

What is the pressure and blood flow like?

Answer 41

Low pressure, non-pulsatile (except the JVP)

Question 42

How is skeletal vessels pumped back to the heart?

Answer 42

Skeletal muscle contraction in limbs, helped by venous valves and pressure changes in chest cavity due to breathing movement

Question 43

What are the two sets of veins and their differences?

Answer 43

Superficial veins - Smaller - Run in the superficial fascia - Drain into the deep veins - Patterns can show a large degree of anatomical variation - Upper limb superficial veins often used to take a sample of venous blood Deep veins - Larger - Run deep to the deep fascia - And in body cavities - Less variation in their pattern

Question 44

What are the two main venous systems?

Answer 44

Hepatic portal venous system and systemic venous system

Question 45

What are the roles of the two venous systems?

Answer 45

Hepatic portal venous system -drains venous blood from absorptive parts of the GI tract & associated organs to the liver for ‘cleaning’ Systemic venous system -drains venous blood from all other organs and tissues into the superior or inferior vena cava

Question 46

What other system is the lymphatic system part of?

Answer 46

The immune system

Question 47

What do lymphatic capillaries collect?

Answer 47

Tissue fluid

Question 48

When does tissue fluid become lymph?

Answer 48

When it is in the lymphatic capillaries

Question 49

What do lymph nodes contain?

Answer 49

White blood cells to filter fluid and fight infection

Question 50

Where is lymph drained to?

Answer 50

The central veins in the tool of the neck at the venous angles. Upper right quadrant of the body drains to right venous duct via right lymphatic duct and rest drains to the left venous angle via the thoracic duct

Question 51

what is the clinical significance of the lymphatic system?

Answer 51

anatomical route of lymph drainage towards the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct allows them to assess whether the lymph nodes along the route are involved in disease process affecting the organ or tissue being investigated Normal lymph nodes cannot usually be palpated Lymph nodes fighting infection or affected by a spreading cancer will enlarge They can then be palpated Or seen during imaging