Prior To Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Psychology
A
The scientific study of mind, brain and behaviour
2
Q
Brain aspect of psychology
A
Neuroscience
3
Q
Mind part of psychology
A
Memory
4
Q
Behaviour part of psychology
A
Output
5
Q
Difficulties of psychology: psychology is multiply ______
A
Determined
-biological and past experiences
-such as mating
6
Q
Difficulties of psychology: psychology is _____ together and _____ other areas
A
Linked, affects
-for example: mental health affects relationships
7
Q
Difficulties of psychology: ______ differences
A
Individual
-for example: traits vary and attention varies
8
Q
Difficulties of psychology: reciprocal _______
A
Determinism
-the way i affect will affect others
-interacting with environment draws attention (like a chip bowl in a party)
9
Q
Difficulties of psychology: behaviours is _______ by ______
A
Shaped by culture
-emic/etic
10
Q
Emic
A
Studying perspective of someone IN the culture
11
Q
Pro and cons of emic
A
Pro: more unique
Cons: other cultures usually are ignored
12
Q
Etic
A
Studying perspective of someone not in culture
13
Q
Pros and cons of etic
A
Pro: more effective generalizations
Con: miss subtleties
14
Q
Levels of analysis
A
Mind and behaviour
-many different perspectives
15
Q
Levels of analysis: social and cultural
A
Relationships
-forming and impact
16
Q
Levels of analysis: psychology
A
Mental processes and attention systems
17
Q
Levels of analysis: biological
A
Neuroscience
-regions of the brain
18
Q
Common sense and psychology
A
-can be conflicting (out of sight out of mine/absence makes the heart grow fonder)
-naive realism
-costumes common sense is correct
19
Q
Naive realism
A
The world is exactly how we see it
-example is flat earth ears
20
Q
Psychology as a science
A
-minimizes bias
-misses out on emotional aspects
-uses empirical evidence
21
Q
A scientific theory
A
Explanation that describes data
-doesn’t account for just one thing
-links together multiple theories
22
Q
Hypothesis
A
Direction prediction, and precise
-specific testable prediction derided from a scientific theory
23
Q
Theory of natural selection is a _____ and fish having long tails as a result of natural selection is _____
A
Scientific theory, hypothesis
24
Q
Confirmation bias
A
The tendency to look for selective into that conforms a hypothesis
-to ignore evidence that disproves
25
Observation bias
Awareness of bias means individuals can still be influenced
26
Belief perspectives
Sticking to our initial beliefs, even in light of new evidence
-uncomfortable to deviate
27
Metaphysical claims
Untestable claims
-like the existence of a god
28
Psychological pseudoscience
Claims that seem scientific but are not
-testable but not scientific
29
Warning signs: exaggerated claims (example)
Vitamins being advertised as having all good side effects
-then why is it not everywhere?
30
Warning signs: over reliance on anecdotes
Advertisements having a lot of people saying “this is amazing”
-biased people
-neglected scientific results like data or graphs
31
Warning signs: absence to connectivity to other research
Opposes most research
“Vitamin C helps weight loss”
-needs evidence to discount all other evidence
32
Warning signs: lack of review and no peer review
Not having a group of non associated scientists evaluate the claim
33
Warning signs: lack of self correction
New evidence that is not considered
-like astrology
34
Warning signs: psychobabble
Jargon and big words
-attempting to appear smart and impressive
-the idea should speak for itself
35
Warning signs: talk of proof over evidence
Using the word prove
36
Why is one drawn to pseudoscience
Patternicity and provides comfort
37
What does patternicity mean
Humans hate disorder and find sense in the nonsense
-this can be both good and bad
38
Why does pseudoscience provide comfort
Manages terror, and gives a feeling of control
-for example people fall for fake cancer preventing scams `
39
Three dangers of pseudoscience
-opportunity cost
-direct harm
-blocks scientific thinking
40
What is opportunity cost
Prevents opportunity that might have evidential claims
41
How does pseudoscience block scientific thinking
Easy answers create easier engagement with the process of ignoring scientific claims
42
What is the antidote of pseudoscience
Having the knowledge of common logical fallacies
43
Emotional reasoning fallacy
Using emotions instead of evidence to see validity of a claim
44
Bandwagon fallacy
Assuming a claim is correct just because other people do
45
Not me fallacy
Thinking we are somehow exempt from certain things
-we are a special case
“I am not prone too”
46
Scientific scepticism
Helps to protect against fallacies
-need to consciously engage in having an open mind
47
What is a key part of scientific scepticism
Critical thinking
48
Six principals of scientific thinking
-ruling out rival hypothesis
-correlation vs causation
-falsifiability
-replicability
-extraordinary claims
-occams razor
49
Six principals of scientific thinking: ruling out rival hypothesis
Asking, is there some other possibility
50
Six principals of scientific thinking: Correlation vs causation
Researcher does not measure other variables
-ther could be other factors affecting
-ignoring the third variable
51
Six principals of scientific thinking: falsifiability
Needs to be testable to be assessed as a valid claim
52
Six principals of scientific thinking: replicability
In order to be a claim, another scientist must be able to replicate the claim
(In general)
53
Six principals of scientific thinking: extraordinary claims
The higher the claim, the higher quality of evidence needed for the claim
54
Six principals of scientific thinking: Occam’s razor
Simpliest explanation should be the truth
55
Early psychologists were
Philosophers
-not considered a science
56
Who created the first psychology laboratory
Wundt
57
Who incorporated introspection, and what is it?
-Wundt
-asking someone a series of questions to evaluate their own cognitive process
58
What is introspection good for
Past experiences
59
What is introspection bad for
Things that we are just not consciously aware of
60
What was the problem with introspection
It created unverifiable and inconsistent data
61
Structuralism
Study of why certain things take place
-how did you think that
-the structuralism of experience
62
functionalism
Adapt to circumstances
-what is the purpose of you thinking/feeling that way etc
63
behaviouralism
Understand why humans do what they do
-we need objective data to make psychology a science
64
Cognitism
Examine the role of mental processes on behaviour
65
Psychoanalysis
Uncover the role of unconscious processes and early experiences effect on behaviour/ thought
66
Modern psychology is very
Diverse
67
Clinical psychologist
Therapeutic, asses, diagnose and treat mental disorders
68
Counseling psychologist
Dealing with temporary life problems
69
School psychologist
Works with parents, teachers, students for behavioural emotional and learning difficulties
70
Developmental psychologist
How and why people change over time
-research heavy and age focused
71
Experimental psychologist
Use research methods to study memory, language, thinking and social behaviour
72
Biological psychologist
Examine bases of behaviour in animals and humans
-research focused
73
Forensic psychologist
Diagnose inmates and assist with rehabilitation and treatment
74
Industrial organization psychologist
Work in companies to help with hiring processes, performance evaluation and how the environment affects the employees
75
Why is psychology more than just common sense
Common sense can be conflicitng, and it would be wrong to assume the world is just how we perceive it (naive realism)
76
What is science? And how does it safeguard against bias?
Psychology as a science is using empirical data, and weaning out the emotions and ambuiguity
-it safeguards by using empirical data that isn’t necessarily up to debate or opinion
77
Why do we need good research designs
Protects against bias
78
Prefrontal lobotomy story and what it taught scientists
-prefrontal lobotomy appeared to be effective treatment for schizophrenia and other mental disorders when in reality was not
-shows that research designs are very important
—-> naive realism and confirmation bias
79
System 1 thinking
Intuitive, fast, relies on gut feelings
-baring is on autopilot, this is valuable bc people need snap decisions
80
System one thinking relies on
Heuristics-> which are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb
81
System 2 thinking
Analytical, slow and relies on careful evaluation
-mental effort
82
System ___ thinking overrides system ____ thinking
2,1
83
Scientific method
-not a singular way of doing things
-toolbox of skills, can be applied in specific ways
84
Random selection
-every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate in a study
85
Random selection increases
Generalizability
86
Studying ___ people broadly is better than studying ___ people narrowly
-fewer
-more
87
Reliability
The consistency of measurement
88
Validity
The extent to which a measure assess what it claims to measure
89
Reliability to neccessary for
Validity
90
But validity is not necessary for
Reliability
91
Test retest reliability
92
interrater reliability
The extend to which someone is consistent with their judgments
93
Openness in science
Ensure findings are replicable and reproducible
94
The open science movement was created in response to
The replicability crisis in psychology
95
Replicability crisis
A number of research findings did not replicate
96
The five responses to the replication crisis by psychologist
-post/share data publically
-replications of own and others work
-preregister research
-publish all sound science not just flashy findings
-less emphasis on findings from single studies
97
Three major research methods
-descriptive
-correlational
-experimental
98
Descriptive research methods
99
Correlational research methods
100
Experimental research methods
101
Naturalistic observation
Observing behaviour naturally without trying to manipulate or change it in any way
102
Advantages of naturalistic observation
-high external validity
-captures natural behaviour
103
Major disadvantages of naturalistic observation
-low internal validity
-possible reactivity
-possible observer bias
-no control over other variables
104
External/internal validity
External- wether the findings of a study can be generalized to other participants
Internal- results do not contain bias in population
105
Reactivity
106
Observer bias
Researchers expectations or bias influences their findings
107
Case studies are
In-depth analysis of an individual group, or event
108
Major advantages of case studies
-allows investigation of rare phenomena
-provides existence proofs
-Good for hypothesis generation
109
Existence proofs
Evidence of a given psychological phenomenons
110
Major disadvantages case studies
-cannot determine cause and effect
-generalization may be an issue
-possible observer bias
111
Self report measures
Researchers use interviews, questioners or surveys to gather specific info about persons behaviours, attitudes and feelings
112
Questionnaires mostly cover
characteristics of a person
113
Surveys
Opinions and attitudes of a person
114
Self report measures advantages
-easy to administer/gather large amounts of data
-cost effective
-assessment of internal processes that observes are not typical aware of
115
Self report measures disadvantages
-different worded questions can lead to very diff results
-have to assume particepents have enough insights to report accurately
-assume honestly even though they engage in response sets and malingering
116
Response sets
Bias
-may answer in a way that makes themself feel better (could be more humble or less humble)
117
Malingering
Purposeful messing with test by answering more extreme
-bad for diagnosis
118
Rating data
Self report measure where someone else is asked to comment on a persons behaviour
119
Major advantages of rating data
-gets around malingering and response set bias in self reporting
120
Major disadvantages of rating data
-halo effect and horns effects
-susceptible to stereotypes
121
Halo effect
The tendency for one positive charactistic to influence everything to be enhanced of the person
-face card
122
Horns effect
Tendency for one negative aspect of a character to lower ratings for other characteristics
123
Correlational designs
Researcher measures different variables to see if there is a relationship between them
-co relation
124
Advantages of correlational designs
-more flexible and easier to conduct than experiments
125
Disadvantages of correlational designs
-cannot explain causation
126
Why can’t a correlational research design show causation
third variable problem
-the idea that exposure to aggressive music causes aggressive or violent behaviour
-missing the connector
127
Strength of a correlation is measured using
a correlation coefficient
128
Negative correlation coefficient
Move in opposite directions
-one up one down
129
Positive correlation coefficient
One goes up other goes up, one goes down other goes down
-same direction
130
Correlation coefficient
Shows strength of relationship on a scale fo -1 to +1
131
Zero correlation
There is no relationship
132
Experimental designs
Random assignment of participants to conditions, and manipulation of at least one independent variable
133
Independent variable
Variable that an experimenter manipulates
134
Dependant variable
A variable that experimenter measures
135
Independent variable influences change in the
Dependent variable
136
Random assignment
Ensuring each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to the experimental group or the control group
137
Between subjects designs
-different conditions
-not every participant gets both things
138
Within subject designs
Every participant gets treatment and control
-measure behaviour before a variable is manipulated and after
139
Extraneous variables
Variables that aren’t measured but could affect their control
-any variables
140
Placebo effect
Improvement from the mere expectation of improvement
141
Nocebo effect
Harm from the mere expectation of harm
142
Experimenter expectancy effect
Researchers hypothesis leads them to unintentionally bias the outcome of the study
-in line with hypothesis
143
Demand characteristics
Participants guess as to the purpose of the study and change how they act based on their assumptions
144
Hawthorne effect
People’s knowledge that they are being studied changes their behaviour s
145
Researchers must adhere to strict
ethical guidelines and principles
146
Tuskegee study
Men diagnosed with syphilis
-never given treatment in order to study the natural progression of the disease
147
Belmont report
Said that researchers should allow people to make decisions about themselves
-be beneficent
-distribute benefits and risks equally to all participants
148
All North American research colleges and universes have at least one
Research ethics board REB
149
what do REBs do?
Review planned research, contain members of the institution who have expertise in ethics
-adhere to national guidelines
150
Research with people must have or provide:
-informed consent
-protection from harm
-freedom from coercion
-risk benefit analysis
-justification of deception
-debriefing participants afterwards
-confidentiality
151
Research colleges and universities that engage in research with animals must have at least one
Animal research ethics board AREB
152
AREB’s
-review planned research
-ensure animals are treated humanely
Follow guidelines of CCAC
153
Statistics
Important part of research
-application of mathematics to describe and analyze data
154
Descriptive statistics
Numerical characteristics of the nature of the data
-describes data
155
Two main types of descriptive statistics
-measures of central tendency
-measures of variability
156
Central tendency
Gives the central score in data sets or where the group tends to cluster
-mean, median, mode
157
Variability
Measures of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are in a dataset
-range or standard deviation
158
Inferential statistics
Allow researchers to determine wether we can generalize from a sample to the general public
159
Inferential statistics also allows researchers to determine if their results are
Likely to have occurred simply due to chance
160
Statistical significance
Probability that these findings are due to chance
161
if results is statistically significant —->
The results are very unlikely to have occurred due to chance factors
162
Practical significance
Has any real world importance
163
Peer review
Process of quality control fro research before it is published in an academic journal
-review another scientist
164
Media does not have what compared to academic journals
The same quality control as academic journals
165
Three things to look out for in media
-sharpening
-leveling
-pseudosymmetry
166
Correlational design
Examining the extent to which two variables are associated
167
Experimental designs
allow us to draw cause and effect conclusions
168
Mean
Average
169
Median
Middle score (lining up scores selecting middle)
170
Mode
Most frequent, not average just most frequent
