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Psych 104 > Prior To Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Prior To Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of mind, brain and behaviour

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2
Q

Brain aspect of psychology

A

Neuroscience

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3
Q

Mind part of psychology

A

Memory

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4
Q

Behaviour part of psychology

A

Output

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5
Q

Difficulties of psychology: psychology is multiply ______

A

Determined
-biological and past experiences
-such as mating

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6
Q

Difficulties of psychology: psychology is _____ together and _____ other areas

A

Linked, affects
-for example: mental health affects relationships

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7
Q

Difficulties of psychology: ______ differences

A

Individual
-for example: traits vary and attention varies

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8
Q

Difficulties of psychology: reciprocal _______

A

Determinism
-the way i affect will affect others
-interacting with environment draws attention (like a chip bowl in a party)

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9
Q

Difficulties of psychology: behaviours is _______ by ______

A

Shaped by culture
-emic/etic

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10
Q

Emic

A

Studying perspective of someone IN the culture

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11
Q

Pro and cons of emic

A

Pro: more unique
Cons: other cultures usually are ignored

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12
Q

Etic

A

Studying perspective of someone not in culture

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13
Q

Pros and cons of etic

A

Pro: more effective generalizations
Con: miss subtleties

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14
Q

Levels of analysis

A

Mind and behaviour
-many different perspectives

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15
Q

Levels of analysis: social and cultural

A

Relationships
-forming and impact

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16
Q

Levels of analysis: psychology

A

Mental processes and attention systems

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17
Q

Levels of analysis: biological

A

Neuroscience
-regions of the brain

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18
Q

Common sense and psychology

A

-can be conflicting (out of sight out of mine/absence makes the heart grow fonder)
-naive realism
-costumes common sense is correct

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19
Q

Naive realism

A

The world is exactly how we see it
-example is flat earth ears

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20
Q

Psychology as a science

A

-minimizes bias
-misses out on emotional aspects
-uses empirical evidence

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21
Q

A scientific theory

A

Explanation that describes data
-doesn’t account for just one thing
-links together multiple theories

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22
Q

Hypothesis

A

Direction prediction, and precise
-specific testable prediction derided from a scientific theory

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23
Q

Theory of natural selection is a _____ and fish having long tails as a result of natural selection is _____

A

Scientific theory, hypothesis

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24
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The tendency to look for selective into that conforms a hypothesis
-to ignore evidence that disproves

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25
Q

Observation bias

A

Awareness of bias means individuals can still be influenced

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26
Q

Belief perspectives

A

Sticking to our initial beliefs, even in light of new evidence
-uncomfortable to deviate

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27
Q

Metaphysical claims

A

Untestable claims
-like the existence of a god

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28
Q

Psychological pseudoscience

A

Claims that seem scientific but are not
-testable but not scientific

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29
Q

Warning signs: exaggerated claims (example)

A

Vitamins being advertised as having all good side effects
-then why is it not everywhere?

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30
Q

Warning signs: over reliance on anecdotes

A

Advertisements having a lot of people saying “this is amazing”
-biased people
-neglected scientific results like data or graphs

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31
Q

Warning signs: absence to connectivity to other research

A

Opposes most research
“Vitamin C helps weight loss”
-needs evidence to discount all other evidence

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32
Q

Warning signs: lack of review and no peer review

A

Not having a group of non associated scientists evaluate the claim

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33
Q

Warning signs: lack of self correction

A

New evidence that is not considered
-like astrology

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34
Q

Warning signs: psychobabble

A

Jargon and big words
-attempting to appear smart and impressive
-the idea should speak for itself

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35
Q

Warning signs: talk of proof over evidence

A

Using the word prove

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36
Q

Why is one drawn to pseudoscience

A

Patternicity and provides comfort

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37
Q

What does patternicity mean

A

Humans hate disorder and find sense in the nonsense
-this can be both good and bad

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38
Q

Why does pseudoscience provide comfort

A

Manages terror, and gives a feeling of control
-for example people fall for fake cancer preventing scams `

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39
Q

Three dangers of pseudoscience

A

-opportunity cost
-direct harm
-blocks scientific thinking

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40
Q

What is opportunity cost

A

Prevents opportunity that might have evidential claims

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41
Q

How does pseudoscience block scientific thinking

A

Easy answers create easier engagement with the process of ignoring scientific claims

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42
Q

What is the antidote of pseudoscience

A

Having the knowledge of common logical fallacies

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43
Q

Emotional reasoning fallacy

A

Using emotions instead of evidence to see validity of a claim

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44
Q

Bandwagon fallacy

A

Assuming a claim is correct just because other people do

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45
Q

Not me fallacy

A

Thinking we are somehow exempt from certain things
-we are a special case
“I am not prone too”

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46
Q

Scientific scepticism

A

Helps to protect against fallacies
-need to consciously engage in having an open mind

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47
Q

What is a key part of scientific scepticism

A

Critical thinking

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48
Q

Six principals of scientific thinking

A

-ruling out rival hypothesis
-correlation vs causation
-falsifiability
-replicability
-extraordinary claims
-occams razor

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49
Q

Six principals of scientific thinking: ruling out rival hypothesis

A

Asking, is there some other possibility

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50
Q

Six principals of scientific thinking: Correlation vs causation

A

Researcher does not measure other variables
-ther could be other factors affecting
-ignoring the third variable

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51
Q

Six principals of scientific thinking: falsifiability

A

Needs to be testable to be assessed as a valid claim

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52
Q

Six principals of scientific thinking: replicability

A

In order to be a claim, another scientist must be able to replicate the claim
(In general)

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53
Q

Six principals of scientific thinking: extraordinary claims

A

The higher the claim, the higher quality of evidence needed for the claim

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54
Q

Six principals of scientific thinking: Occam’s razor

A

Simpliest explanation should be the truth

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55
Q

Early psychologists were

A

Philosophers
-not considered a science

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56
Q

Who created the first psychology laboratory

A

Wundt

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57
Q

Who incorporated introspection, and what is it?

A

-Wundt
-asking someone a series of questions to evaluate their own cognitive process

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58
Q

What is introspection good for

A

Past experiences

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59
Q

What is introspection bad for

A

Things that we are just not consciously aware of

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60
Q

What was the problem with introspection

A

It created unverifiable and inconsistent data

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61
Q

Structuralism

A

Study of why certain things take place
-how did you think that
-the structuralism of experience

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62
Q

functionalism

A

Adapt to circumstances
-what is the purpose of you thinking/feeling that way etc

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63
Q

behaviouralism

A

Understand why humans do what they do
-we need objective data to make psychology a science

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64
Q

Cognitism

A

Examine the role of mental processes on behaviour

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65
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Uncover the role of unconscious processes and early experiences effect on behaviour/ thought

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66
Q

Modern psychology is very

A

Diverse

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67
Q

Clinical psychologist

A

Therapeutic, asses, diagnose and treat mental disorders

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68
Q

Counseling psychologist

A

Dealing with temporary life problems

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69
Q

School psychologist

A

Works with parents, teachers, students for behavioural emotional and learning difficulties

70
Q

Developmental psychologist

A

How and why people change over time
-research heavy and age focused

71
Q

Experimental psychologist

A

Use research methods to study memory, language, thinking and social behaviour

72
Q

Biological psychologist

A

Examine bases of behaviour in animals and humans
-research focused

73
Q

Forensic psychologist

A

Diagnose inmates and assist with rehabilitation and treatment

74
Q

Industrial organization psychologist

A

Work in companies to help with hiring processes, performance evaluation and how the environment affects the employees

75
Q

Why is psychology more than just common sense

A

Common sense can be conflicitng, and it would be wrong to assume the world is just how we perceive it (naive realism)

76
Q

What is science? And how does it safeguard against bias?

A

Psychology as a science is using empirical data, and weaning out the emotions and ambuiguity

-it safeguards by using empirical data that isn’t necessarily up to debate or opinion

77
Q

Why do we need good research designs

A

Protects against bias

78
Q

Prefrontal lobotomy story and what it taught scientists

A

-prefrontal lobotomy appeared to be effective treatment for schizophrenia and other mental disorders when in reality was not
-shows that research designs are very important
—-> naive realism and confirmation bias

79
Q

System 1 thinking

A

Intuitive, fast, relies on gut feelings
-baring is on autopilot, this is valuable bc people need snap decisions

80
Q

System one thinking relies on

A

Heuristics-> which are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb

81
Q

System 2 thinking

A

Analytical, slow and relies on careful evaluation
-mental effort

82
Q

System ___ thinking overrides system ____ thinking

A

2,1

83
Q

Scientific method

A

-not a singular way of doing things
-toolbox of skills, can be applied in specific ways

84
Q

Random selection

A

-every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate in a study

85
Q

Random selection increases

A

Generalizability

86
Q

Studying ___ people broadly is better than studying ___ people narrowly

A

-fewer
-more

87
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency of measurement

88
Q

Validity

A

The extent to which a measure assess what it claims to measure

89
Q

Reliability to neccessary for

A

Validity

90
Q

But validity is not necessary for

A

Reliability

91
Q

Test retest reliability

A
92
Q

interrater reliability

A

The extend to which someone is consistent with their judgments

93
Q

Openness in science

A

Ensure findings are replicable and reproducible

94
Q

The open science movement was created in response to

A

The replicability crisis in psychology

95
Q

Replicability crisis

A

A number of research findings did not replicate

96
Q

The five responses to the replication crisis by psychologist

A

-post/share data publically
-replications of own and others work
-preregister research
-publish all sound science not just flashy findings
-less emphasis on findings from single studies

97
Q

Three major research methods

A

-descriptive
-correlational
-experimental

98
Q

Descriptive research methods

A
99
Q

Correlational research methods

A
100
Q

Experimental research methods

A
101
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Observing behaviour naturally without trying to manipulate or change it in any way

102
Q

Advantages of naturalistic observation

A

-high external validity
-captures natural behaviour

103
Q

Major disadvantages of naturalistic observation

A

-low internal validity
-possible reactivity
-possible observer bias
-no control over other variables

104
Q

External/internal validity

A

External- wether the findings of a study can be generalized to other participants
Internal- results do not contain bias in population

105
Q

Reactivity

A
106
Q

Observer bias

A

Researchers expectations or bias influences their findings

107
Q

Case studies are

A

In-depth analysis of an individual group, or event

108
Q

Major advantages of case studies

A

-allows investigation of rare phenomena
-provides existence proofs
-Good for hypothesis generation

109
Q

Existence proofs

A

Evidence of a given psychological phenomenons

110
Q

Major disadvantages case studies

A

-cannot determine cause and effect
-generalization may be an issue
-possible observer bias

111
Q

Self report measures

A

Researchers use interviews, questioners or surveys to gather specific info about persons behaviours, attitudes and feelings

112
Q

Questionnaires mostly cover

A

characteristics of a person

113
Q

Surveys

A

Opinions and attitudes of a person

114
Q

Self report measures advantages

A

-easy to administer/gather large amounts of data
-cost effective
-assessment of internal processes that observes are not typical aware of

115
Q

Self report measures disadvantages

A

-different worded questions can lead to very diff results
-have to assume particepents have enough insights to report accurately
-assume honestly even though they engage in response sets and malingering

116
Q

Response sets

A

Bias
-may answer in a way that makes themself feel better (could be more humble or less humble)

117
Q

Malingering

A

Purposeful messing with test by answering more extreme
-bad for diagnosis

118
Q

Rating data

A

Self report measure where someone else is asked to comment on a persons behaviour

119
Q

Major advantages of rating data

A

-gets around malingering and response set bias in self reporting

120
Q

Major disadvantages of rating data

A

-halo effect and horns effects
-susceptible to stereotypes

121
Q

Halo effect

A

The tendency for one positive charactistic to influence everything to be enhanced of the person
-face card

122
Q

Horns effect

A

Tendency for one negative aspect of a character to lower ratings for other characteristics

123
Q

Correlational designs

A

Researcher measures different variables to see if there is a relationship between them
-co relation

124
Q

Advantages of correlational designs

A

-more flexible and easier to conduct than experiments

125
Q

Disadvantages of correlational designs

A

-cannot explain causation

126
Q

Why can’t a correlational research design show causation

A

third variable problem
-the idea that exposure to aggressive music causes aggressive or violent behaviour
-missing the connector

127
Q

Strength of a correlation is measured using

A

a correlation coefficient

128
Q

Negative correlation coefficient

A

Move in opposite directions
-one up one down

129
Q

Positive correlation coefficient

A

One goes up other goes up, one goes down other goes down
-same direction

130
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Shows strength of relationship on a scale fo -1 to +1

131
Q

Zero correlation

A

There is no relationship

132
Q

Experimental designs

A

Random assignment of participants to conditions, and manipulation of at least one independent variable

133
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable that an experimenter manipulates

134
Q

Dependant variable

A

A variable that experimenter measures

135
Q

Independent variable influences change in the

A

Dependent variable

136
Q

Random assignment

A

Ensuring each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to the experimental group or the control group

137
Q

Between subjects designs

A

-different conditions
-not every participant gets both things

138
Q

Within subject designs

A

Every participant gets treatment and control
-measure behaviour before a variable is manipulated and after

139
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Variables that aren’t measured but could affect their control
-any variables

140
Q

Placebo effect

A

Improvement from the mere expectation of improvement

141
Q

Nocebo effect

A

Harm from the mere expectation of harm

142
Q

Experimenter expectancy effect

A

Researchers hypothesis leads them to unintentionally bias the outcome of the study
-in line with hypothesis

143
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Participants guess as to the purpose of the study and change how they act based on their assumptions

144
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

People’s knowledge that they are being studied changes their behaviour s

145
Q

Researchers must adhere to strict

A

ethical guidelines and principles

146
Q

Tuskegee study

A

Men diagnosed with syphilis
-never given treatment in order to study the natural progression of the disease

147
Q

Belmont report

A

Said that researchers should allow people to make decisions about themselves

-be beneficent
-distribute benefits and risks equally to all participants

148
Q

All North American research colleges and universes have at least one

A

Research ethics board REB

149
Q

what do REBs do?

A

Review planned research, contain members of the institution who have expertise in ethics
-adhere to national guidelines

150
Q

Research with people must have or provide:

A

-informed consent
-protection from harm
-freedom from coercion
-risk benefit analysis
-justification of deception
-debriefing participants afterwards
-confidentiality

151
Q

Research colleges and universities that engage in research with animals must have at least one

A

Animal research ethics board AREB

152
Q

AREB’s

A

-review planned research
-ensure animals are treated humanely
Follow guidelines of CCAC

153
Q

Statistics

A

Important part of research
-application of mathematics to describe and analyze data

154
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Numerical characteristics of the nature of the data
-describes data

155
Q

Two main types of descriptive statistics

A

-measures of central tendency
-measures of variability

156
Q

Central tendency

A

Gives the central score in data sets or where the group tends to cluster
-mean, median, mode

157
Q

Variability

A

Measures of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are in a dataset
-range or standard deviation

158
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Allow researchers to determine wether we can generalize from a sample to the general public

159
Q

Inferential statistics also allows researchers to determine if their results are

A

Likely to have occurred simply due to chance

160
Q

Statistical significance

A

Probability that these findings are due to chance

161
Q

if results is statistically significant —->

A

The results are very unlikely to have occurred due to chance factors

162
Q

Practical significance

A

Has any real world importance

163
Q

Peer review

A

Process of quality control fro research before it is published in an academic journal
-review another scientist

164
Q

Media does not have what compared to academic journals

A

The same quality control as academic journals

165
Q

Three things to look out for in media

A

-sharpening
-leveling
-pseudosymmetry

166
Q

Correlational design

A

Examining the extent to which two variables are associated

167
Q

Experimental designs

A

allow us to draw cause and effect conclusions

168
Q

Mean

A

Average

169
Q

Median

A

Middle score (lining up scores selecting middle)

170
Q

Mode

A

Most frequent, not average just most frequent

Psych 104 (6 decks)

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