Private Applicator Test Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
selective pesticides
A
control some related pests with little to no injury to others
2
Q
penetrants
A
improve pesticide penetration into the treated surface
3
Q
acute exposure
A
one-time contact
4
Q
warning
A
moderate
5
Q
what should be done in the event of a spill?
A
- stop the spill
- attend to the injured
- confine the spill
- contact the proper authorities
6
Q
effective sprayed width in inches
A
W
7
Q
spray modifiers
A
aid spray application and coverage
8
Q
three factors that particle drift is primarily influenced by
A
- droplet size
- wind speed
- wind direction
9
Q
chemical incompatibility
A
products mix well but activity may be different than when used separately
10
Q
replace any nozzle with flow __ % or more above a new nozzle
A
5
11
Q
complete insect life cycle (4)
A
- egg
- larva
- pupa
- adult
12
Q
inert ingredients
A
do not have direct effect on the pest
13
Q
what are the goals of IPM?
A
provide economical pest control and protect the environment
14
Q
pesticide tolerance
A
the amount of pesticide residue that may legally remain in or on a food for feed crop when it is harvested
15
Q
suspensions
A
mixtures formed by dispersing fine solid particles in a liquid (agitation)
16
Q
four factors that determine whether a pesticide is likely to reach groundwater
A
- pesticide properties
- soil properties
- site conditions
- management practices
17
Q
GPM
A
nozzle flow rate in gallons per minute
18
Q
virus
A
genetic particles commonly transmitted by insects and weeds
19
Q
three factors that determine gallons of spray applied per acre
A
- nozzle flow rate
- ground speed
- effective sprayed width
20
Q
insect body regions
A
- head
- thorax
- abdomen
21
Q
stickers
A
improve pesticide adherence to the treated surface
22
Q
infectious diseases
A
caused by living organisms and are transmitted from plant to plant
23
Q
in terms of LD50, the _____ the number, the more toxic the product
A
smaller / lower
24
Q
synergism
A
the condition of increased activity or effectiveness when two or more products are mixed
25
three types of pesticide poisioning
1. oral
2. inhalation
3. dermal
26
LD 50
lethal dose for 50% of a test population in milligrams of pesticide of animal body weight which is the same as parts per million
27
GPA
gallons per acre
28
two ways pesticides can move to contaminate groundwater
1. leaching
2. run-in
29
what factors make up a pesticide hazard?
toxicity x exposure
30
three pesticide properties
1. solubility
2. adsorption
3. persistence
31
fungus
spores spread by wind, rain, insects, etc. (ex. leaf spot)
32
particle drift occurs _________
downwind
33
two types of drift
1. particle
2. vapor
34
emulsions
mixtures in which one liquid is suspended as tiny droplets in another liquid
35
danger
high
36
significantly volatile pesticides
- dicamba
- 2, 4-D ester
- clomazone
37
grass weed characteristics
parallel-veined leaves
38
antagonism
the reduction in effectiveness of one or more pesticide when two or more pesticides are combined
39
utility agents
aid in mixing the spray tank
40
what are the two types of chemical incompatibility?
synergism and antagonism
41
active ingredient
effective against the target pest
42
nematodes
microscopic roundworms that live on plant roots or other plant parts
43
chronic exposure
series of low level exposures over a period of time
44
minimum required personal protective equipment
- long sleeve shirt
- long pants
- hat
- shoes and socks
- unlined chemical resistant gloves
45
to protect bees, apply pesticides before ____, after ____, or when temperatures are less than __ degrees
dawn
dusk
55
46
grass weed characteristics
parallel-veined leaves
47
using a ______ pressure yields less small droplets
lower
48
physical incompatibility
the mixture of pesticides resulting in solids that settle out, separate into layers, gel, or curdle
49
noninfectious diseases
cannot be transmitted from plant to plant and are caused by unfavorable conditions
50
systemic pesticides
move within the plant
51
how often should you field scout?
weekly
52
formulation rate
amount of formulation applied per unit area; also known as the product rate
53
contact pesticides
do not move within the plant
54
what are the five insect characteristics
1. six legs
2. four wings
3. two antennae
4. three body regions
5. chewing and sucking mouthparts
55
miticides target pest
mites and ticks
56
pesticide
any chemical used to destroy, prevent, or control any form of life that is declared to be a pest
57
incomplete insect life cycle
1. egg
2. nymph
3. adult
58
two ways to change the nozzle flow rate
adjust the pressure and change nozzles
59
insects with incomplete life cycles
- aphid
- grasshopper
- stink bug
60
what are the four groups of infectious disease organisms?
1. bacteria
2. fungus
3. virus
4. nematodes
61
insects with complete life cycles
- Japanese Beetle
- Black Cutworm
- Lady Beetle
62
it takes a __ times increase in pressure to double the nozzle flow rate
4
63
grasslike weeds characteristics
triangular stems
64
nonselective pesticides
control virtually all related pests
65
________ control involves growing the plant to be healthy through proper soil fertility, planting, plant selection, crop rotation, etc.
cultural
66
broadleaf weed classification
net-veined leaves
67
bacteria
single celled organisms that enter through plant wounds
68
droplet size influences:
1. ____ of the target
2. potential for spray ______
1. coverage
2. drift
69
two ways pesticides can move into nearby surface water
1. runoff
2. erosion
70
what are the four infectious disease factors?
1. pathogen
2. time
3. environment
4. susceptible host
71
tank mixing order (steps 1-9)
1. fill tank 1/4 to 1/2 full with water
2. begin agitation
3. add utility agents
4. add dry suspension products
5. add wet suspension products
6. add solution products
7. add spray modifiers
8. add emulsifiable products
9. fill tank with carrier to proper level
72
spray application rate
amount of spray applied per unit area
73
droplets smaller than ___ microns are at high risk for drifting
150
74
________ control: the use of pesticides
chemical
75
__________ control utilizes living organisms to control pests
biological
76
preharvest interval
the minimum length of time that must pass between application and harvest
77
mechanical control
physically eliminating the pest by cultivating, hoeing, etc.
78
volume median diameter
the droplet size at which half of the spray volume os contained in smaller droplets and half of the spray volume is contained in larger droplets
79
droplet size spectrum
range of droplet sizes produced by nozzles
80
adjuvant
a chemical that modifies a pesticide's physical properties and/or enhance its performance
81
solutions
mixtures formed by dissolving a substance in a liquid
*no agitation*
82
caution
low
83
repellants target pest
insects / vertebrates
84
types of utility agents
- compatibility agents
- pH buffering agent
- anti-foaming agents
85
higher pressure = _____ = increased drift risk
smaller spray droplets
86
choosing a nozzle determines what four factors
1. amount of spray
2. uniformity of spray
3. coverage of target
4. drift potential
87
five rodent and bird IPM methods
1. habitat manipulation
2. exclusions
3. repellants
4. relocation
5. population reduction
88
does vapor drift increase or decrease as temperatures increase?
increase
89
mode of action (MOA)
how a herbicide works in a plant
90
eight modes of action
1. photosynthetic inhibitors
2. pigment inhibitors
3. cell membrane disruptors
4. growth regulators
5. seedling growth inhibitors
6. amino acid biosynthesis inhibitors
7. lipid biosynthesis inhibitors
8. nitrogen metabolism inhibitors
91
photosynthetic inhibitors
- disrupt photosynthesis
- soil applied or early post-emergence
- inhibit electron transport
92
photosynthetic inhibitors damage and risk
D: inter-veinal chlorosis or necrosis of leaves
R: carryover and crop injury (especially triazines)
93
triazine family and triazone family
1. atrazine, simazine, ametryn, prometron
2. metribuzin and hexazinone
94
pigment inhibitors
interfere with pigment production and protection of chlorophyll
95
pigment inhibitors damage and risk
D: white to translucent foliage; foliage turns white and appears bleached
R: drift and volatility
96
cell membrane disruptors
light activated non-translocated herbicides that rupture cell membranes
97
cell membrane disruptors damage
injury within 1-2 hours, water-soaked appearance, intense sunlight amplifies drift will cause speckling of the leaves
98
growth regulators
- synthetic auxin and auxin transport inhibitor compounds
- cell elongation, protein synthesis, and cell division
- amplify cell elongation!!!
99
growth regulator reactions
causes rapid growth and can make plant stalks/stems weak, making them prone to breakage
100
growth regulator families
phenoxy, benzoic acid, carboxylic acid
101
phenoxy
2, 4-D and 2, 4-DB
102
benzoic acid
dicamba
103
carboxylic acid
Tordon?
104
growth regulator damage
- abnormalities caused to growth and reproduction
- leaf malformations
- stunted root growth
- stalk brittleness
- may effect reproduction (sterility, multiple florets)
