Problem 1 - Development of the NS

Question 1

Anterior/ Rostral

Answer 1

Towards the nose

Question 2

Posterior/ Caudal

Answer 2

Towards the tail

Question 3

Dorsal

Answer 3

To the back

–> up when talking about the brain

Question 4

Ventral

Answer 4

To the belly/down

Question 5

Medial

Answer 5

Towards the middle

Question 6

Lateral

Answer 6

Towards the side

Question 7

Ipsilateral

Answer 7

The same side

Question 8

Contralateral

Answer 8

Opposite sides

Question 9

Saggital plane

Answer 9

Dividing brain in left vs right

Question 10

Horizontal plane

Answer 10

Dividing brain in up vs down

–> in brain ventral vs dorsal

Question 11

Coronal plane

Answer 11

Dividing brain into front vs back

–> anterior vs posterior

Question 12

What does the Central nervous system (CNS) consist of ?

Answer 12

1. Brain

2. Spinal cord

Question 13

Saggital/Longitudinal fissure

Answer 13

Seperates the 2 hemispheres

Question 14

Cerebrum

Answer 14

Refers to the most rostral + largest part of the brain, which can be divided into 2 hemispheres

–> sensations of the 2 hemispheres are contralateral

Question 15

Cerebellum

Answer 15

Lies behind the cerebrum (little brain)

–> sensation of each side are ipsilateral in contrast to the cerebrum

Question 16

Brain stem

Answer 16

Serves to relay info from the cerebrum to the spinal cord + cerebellum and vice versa

–> regulates breathing, consciousness + control of body temperature

Question 17

Spinal cord

Answer 17

Is attached to the brain stem

–> conducts info from the skin, joints, muscles of the body to the brain and vice versa

Question 18

Spinal nerves

Answer 18

Are part of the PNS, and attach to the spinal cord by 2 branches

a) dorsal root
- -> carry info away from SC
b) ventral root
- -> carry info into SC

–> spinal cord communicates via them

Question 19

Peripheral nervous system

PNS

Answer 19

Refers to all parts of the NS other than the brain + spinal cord

–> it contains 2 parts

a) somatic PNS
b) visceral PNS

Question 20

Somatic PNS/

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

Answer 20

Contains all the spinal nerves that innervate the

a) skin
b) joints
c) muscles

that are under voluntary control

–> its axons enter the spinal cord via the dorsal roots

Question 21

Dorsal root ganglia

Answer 21

Are clusters that contain the cell bodies of somatic sensory axons

Question 22

Visceral PNS/

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 22

Consists of neurons that innervate the

a) internal organs
b) blood vessels
c) glands

–> mediates reactions beyond voluntary control

Question 23

Afferent neurons

Answer 23

Carry info toward target point

Question 24

Efferent neurons

Answer 24

Carry info away from target point

Question 25

Cranial nerves

Answer 25

Arise from the brain stem + innervate the head --> there are 12 pairs, some of them part of the CNS others of the SNS

Question 26

Meninges

Answer 26

Refer to 3 membranes, covering the brain a) Dura mater - -> outermost, though + inelastic b) Arachnoid mater - -> middle, spiderweb like c) Pia mater - -> close to surface of brain, seperated from the arachnoid by CSF, thin membrane

Question 27

Ventricular system

Answer 27

Refers to the fluid-filled (CSF) canals inside the brain

Question 28

CT

Answer 28

Scans can noninvasively reveal the a) organization of white + grey matter b) position of the ventricles

Question 29

Why are Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) much more used ? What are its advantages ?

Answer 29

Yields more detailed map of the brain than CT + doesn't require X-irradiation

Question 30

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Answer 30

Visualizes large bundles of axons in the brain --> application of MRI

Question 31

What are the functions of both Position emission tomography (PET) + Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ?

Answer 31

Detecting changes in regional blood flow + metabolism in the brain

Question 32

What are the 3 distinct layers of cells that make up an embryo called ?

Answer 32

1. Endoderm - -> gives ride to internal organs 2. Mesoderm - -> gives rise to bones + muscles 3. Ectoderm (!!most important!!) - -> gives rise to NS + skin

Question 33

Name the steps in the process by which the neural plate becomes the neural tube. (Neurolation)

Answer 33

1. Neural plate 2. Neural groove - -> its folds come together dorsally to fuse 3. Neural tube

Question 34

Neural crest

Answer 34

Refers to tissue that is pinched off from the ectoderm and comes to lie lateral to the Neural tube --> develops closely in association with mesoderm

Question 35

Differentiation

Answer 35

Refers to the process by which structures become more complex + functionally specialized --> occurs after Neurolation