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Developmental Psychology > Problem 4 > Flashcards

Problem 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is gender?

A

Gender is a system of social categories that permeates children’s lives from very early on.

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2
Q

What is gender identity?

A
  • Sense of one’s own gender, including knowledge, understanding and acceptance of being male or female
  • Begins to develop around 2 years old
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3
Q

What are gender roles?

A

Set of expectations that presribe how males and females should act, feel and think.

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4
Q

What is gender typing?

A

Acquisitionof traditional masculine or femine roles

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5
Q

What is gender stability?

A

The understanding that gender group membership is normally stable and permanent over time.

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6
Q

What is gender constancy?

A

The understanding that gender group memberschip is unchanged despite changes in appearance.

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7
Q

What is gender labelling?

A

Correct idetification of ‘male’ or ‘female’ of oneself and others

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8
Q

What are gender stereotypes?

A

Beliefs about what is appropriate for or typical of one’s own or the other gender group

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9
Q

What are the biological influences on gender?

A
  • androgens
  • oestrogens
  • unusual levels of sex hormones aka defects
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10
Q

How do androgens influence gender?

A
  • primarily influence development of male genitals & secondary sex characterisitc
  • testosterone is an androgen
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11
Q

How do oestrogens influence gender?

A
  • influence development of gemal physical sex characterisitcs
  • help regulate menstrual cycle
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12
Q

What are defects in hormones for gender?

A
  • congenital adrenal hyperlapsia (CAH)
  • androgen-insensitive males
  • pelvid field defect
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13
Q

What is CAH?

A

Females have abnormoally high levels of androgens

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14
Q

What are androgen-insentitive males?

A

When males don’t have androgens in their bodies, they still have XY but often identify as female

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15
Q

What is pelvic field defect?

A

when males have normal amount of testosteron but have been castrated after being born and raised as females even though they usually identify as boys

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16
Q

What is parental investment theory?

A
  • explaisn gender differences on the basis of biological sex differences
  • reproduction has differenct implications for males/females
  • men/women therefor look for different traits in each other
  • these traits have been adapted as gender role, behaviour and status differences
17
Q

What is social learning theory?

A
  • learning about gender through observing, modelling and imitating
  • uses reinforcement and modelling
18
Q

What are socialising agents?

A
  • the models which children will imitate
  • can be adults, peers and media
19
Q

What is baby X experiment?

A

Gender label of child impacted how they were treated

20
Q

What is social role theory?

A
  • Gender differences result from contrasting roles of women and men
  • social hierarchy and division of labour stronly influence gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurture
  • gender differences developed because of being thaught to behave according to specific roles
21
Q

What does the cognitive-developmental theory of Kohlberg entail?

A
  • gender-role knowledge comes from self-sociliastion
  • gender identity development is a 3 step learning process that results from chil’s attempt to understand sex role behaviour
  1. gender labelling
  2. gender stability
  3. gender constancy
22
Q

What is self-socialisiation?

A

When children encounter the world around them and get gender-role knowledge from that

23
Q

What is the gender labelling step of Kohlberg?

A
  • stage 1 –> 2.5 - 3.5 years
  • slow recognition of gender labels
  • treat labels as personal items
  • cognitive feature: egocentrism
24
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

Children are focused on themselves and don’t see things from others perspectives

25
Q

What is gender stability step of Kohlberg?

A
  • stage 2 –> 3.5 - 4.5 years
  • gradually award of gender draubilty
  • dependent on physcial cues
  • cognitive feature: poor conservaton skills
26
Q

What is conservation?

A

A child’s cognitive ability to understand that even when a person’s or object’s appearances change, the basic properties do not change

27
Q

What is gender constancy step in Kohlberg?

A
  • stage 3 –> 4.5 - 7 years
  • understands gender is constant across time and contexts
  • cognitive feature: conservation skills achieved
28
Q

What is gender schema theory?

A
  • gender typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate + gender-inappropriate in their culture
29
Q

What are gender schemas?

A

cognitive structures, network of assocaitions that guide the individuals perceptions

30
Q

What is the social cogintive theory?

A
  • same as social learning, but more detailed/accurate
  • 3-factor model of personal factors, environmental facturs and behaviour patterns that influence gender development

Developmental Psychology (6 decks)

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