Problem 5 Flashcards
(44 cards)
Inverse projection problem
The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina
–> involves starting within the retinal image, then extending rays out from the eye
Viewpoint invariance
The ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints
–> enables people to tell whether faces seen from different angles are the same person
Perceptual organization
The process by which elements in the environment become perceptually grouped together to create our perception of objects
–> consists of 2 elements
a) grouping
b) segregation
Grouping
Process by which visual events are put together into units or objects
ex. : Dalmatien dog
- -> dark spots where put together to perceive it
Segregation
Process of separating one area/ object from another
ex.: the boarders from two buildings indicate where one building ends and the other begins
What is the main question of “Gestalt psychologists” ?
How are configurations formed from smaller elements ?
Gestalt = configuration
Structuralism
Distinguish between
a) sensations
b) perceptions
- -> believe that sensations combine to create perceptions
- -> this combination is aided by the observers past experience
Apparent movement
Although a movement is perceived, nothing is actually moving
- -> this can’t be explained by sensation
- -> the perceptual system creates a perception of movement where there actually is none
ex.: moving advertisements at the train station
=> Gestalt psychologists counter argument to structuralism
Principle of Good Continuation
Gestalts organizing principle
Objects that are partially covered by other objects are seen as continuing behind the covering object
Principle of Prägnanz
Gestalts organizing principle
Every stimulus is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible
ex. : Olympic symbol
- -> we see 5 circles, not a large number of more complicated shapes
( Central Principle )
Principle of Similarity
Gestalts organizing principle
Similar things appear to be grouped together
–> grouping can also occur due to similar
a) shape
b) size
c) orientation
Principle of proximity
Gestalts organizing principle
Things that are near each other appear to be grouped together
Principle of common fate
Gestalts organizing principle
Things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together
ex.: birds moving in the same direction appear as a unit
Principle of common region
Gestalts organizing principle
Elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together
–> common region overpowers proximity
Principle of uniform connectedness
Gestalts organizing principle
A connected region of the same visual properties is perceived as a single unit
–> connectedness overpowers proximity
Principle of synchrony
Gestalts organizing principle
Objects that move at the same time and in sync, even when not close, are grouped together
Principle of familiarization
Gestalts organizing principle
Things that form patterns that are familiar or meaningful are likely to be grouped together
–> categorization
What are the main beliefs of the Gestalt psychologists ?
” the whole is different than the sum of its parts ! “
- Sensation is not needed to create perception
- Past experience doesn’t play a role in perception as good continuation overrides it
Figure - ground segregation
We usually see a separate object as a FIGURE that stands out from its background (GROUND)
Reversible figure - ground
Occurs when the figure can also be perceived as the ground and vice versa
–> areas lower in the field of view are more likely to be perceived as a figure
Surroundedness
If a region is in the middle of the picture / surrounded entirely by different regions, this region is the figure
Extremal edges
Answers the question if a particular region is in front of another, by different shadings of the edges
–> overrides surroundedness
Symmetry
Symmetrical regions are more likely to be seen as a figure
Parallelism
Parallel contours are more likely to belong to the same figure
