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Flashcards in Problem 8 Deck (32)
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1
Q

Attachment

A

Close + enduring emotional bond to parents or other primary caregivers

2
Q

Attachment theory

Bolwby

A

Children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival

3
Q

Secure base

A

Refers to the idea that

a) the presence of a trusted caregiver provides the infant with a sense of security that allows the cild to explore the environment
b) caregiver serves a s a haven of safety when the infant feels threatened or insecure

4
Q

The 4 Phases of the initial development of attachment

Bowlby

A
  1. PREATTACHMENT

–> infant produces innate signals to summon the caregiver, to be comforted

  1. ATTACHMENT IN THE MAKING
  • -> infants respond preferentially to familiar people
  • -> have expectations on how caregivers respond to their needs
  1. CLEAR CUT ATTACHMENT

–> actively seek contact with caregivers

  1. RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP

–> infants are able to organize their efforts to be near parents, due to cognitive + language abilities

5
Q

Internal working model of attachment

A

Mental representation of

a) the self
b) attachment figures
c) relationships in general

–> outcome of the 4 phases of the initial development of attachment

6
Q
Strange situation 
(Ainsworth)
A

Procedure to asses an infants attachment to their primary caregiver

7
Q

Which key measures provide insight into the quality of an infants attachment to the caregiver ?

A
  1. The extent to which an infant is able to use his/her primary caregiver as a secure base
  2. How the infant reacts to brief separations from the caregiver
8
Q

Secure attachment

A

Infants have a high quality relationship with their attachment figure

  • -> Tend to be upset when caregiver leaves, but happy when caregiver returns
  • -> recovers quickly from distress

=> mothers are much more responsive + sensitive

9
Q

Insecure attachment

A

Infants have a less positive attachment to their caregiver

–> can be classified as

a) insecure/ resistant
b) insecure/ avoidant
c) disorganized/ disorientated

10
Q

Insecure/ Resistant attachment

A

Infants are clingy and stay close to their caregiver rather than exploring their environment

–> get upset when caregiver leaves, not easily comforted when he returns

–> seeks comfort but resists it too

11
Q

Insecure/ Avoidant attachment

A

Infants are indifferent toward their caregivers and may even avoid them

  • -> indifferent when caregivers leave and return
  • -> are as easily comforted by a stranger as by a parent
12
Q

Disorganized/ Disoriented attachment

A

Infants have no consistent way of coping with stress

–> behavior is contradictory and confused

ex.: in strange situation they want to approach the mother but are also rather fearful of her

13
Q

Cultural variations in attachment

asian vs american culture

A

Cultural variations result from:

a) different WAYS of RAISING children
ex. : Japanese mothers foster a greater mother- child closeness + intimacy and greater dependency on mother
b) different experiences with SEPARATION
ex. : Japanese children in 80s didn’t necessarily enroll in daycare

14
Q

Parental sensitivity

A

The ability to perceive + interpret childrens attachment signals correctly ant to respond to these signals promptly and adequately

–> differences here will lead to individual differences in attachment relationships

15
Q

Differential susceptibility

A

Suggests that certain genes result in children being differentially susceptible to the quality of their rearing environment

16
Q

Which long term effects does a secure attachment have ?

A

Securely attached infants will

  1. be better adjusted + more socially skilled
  2. develop positive internal working models of attachment
  3. be able to express emotions in an appropriate way +
    better understand others emotions
  4. have closer/ harmonious romantic relationships and with peers
17
Q

Which long therm effects does an insecure attachment have ?

A

Insecurely attached infants will

  1. Inhibit emotional expressiveness
  2. Avoid + decline comfort from other people
  3. be prone to aggressive behavior
18
Q

Self

A

A conceptional system made up of ones thoughts and attitudes about oneself

  • -> physical being
  • -> social characteristics
19
Q

Why is the development of the self of importance ?

A

Because the individuals self conceptions including the ways they feel about themselves appear to influence their overall feelings of well being + competence

20
Q

Which factors influence identity formation ?

A
  1. Secure attachment
    - -> individuals who experience support + warmth from parents form more mature identities
  2. Historical context
    - -> Poorer individuals have fewer career options
21
Q

Self esteem

A

Ones overall evaluation of the self and the feeling engendered by that evaluation

–> related to how satisfied people are with themselves

–> its development stems from an interaction of nature + nurture + attachment styles

22
Q

3 Phases of breaking the bond with parents

A
  1. Protest
  2. Despair
    - -> parents fall into passivity
  3. Detachment
    - -> ready to interact with other caregivers
23
Q

4 Parenting Styles

A
  1. Authoritative
  2. Negligent
  3. Authoritarian
  4. Permissive/Indulgent
24
Q

Adult attachment interview

A

Open ended questions about attachment, separation + loss during childhood + adulthood

25
Q

Insecure dismissive adults

A

Insist in not remembering attachment related interactions but appear to have had a positive experience

–> contradict themselves when retelling stories + are unaware of their inconsistencies

26
Q

Autonomous/ Secure adults

A

Describe past in a balanced manner (negative + negative events)

  • -> tend to be positive + warm
  • -> less angry + intrusive
27
Q

Insecure/ Preoccupied adults

A

Tend to give confused + angry accounts of attachment related events

  • -> intensive focused on parents
  • -> seem to be caught up in attachment memories
28
Q

Unresolved/ disorganized adults

A

Still struggling with loss or trauma

–> striking lapses in reasoning

29
Q

Authoritative Parents

A

Are responsive to the child’s emotional needs while having high standards

–> set limits and are very consistent in enforcing boundaries.

30
Q

Negligent Parents

A

Parents focus on their own rather than their childrens needs

  • -> fail to monitor childs activity
  • -> try to minimize costs of interaction with the child
31
Q

Permissive/Indulgent Parents

A

Parents exercise inconsistent discipline + encourage children to express their impulses freely

–> children show impulsive/aggressive behavior + are uncompliant

32
Q

Authoritarian Parents

A

Parents are power assertive, harsh + unresponsive to their childrens needs

–> children tend to be more fearful