Problem 8

Question 1

Attachment

Answer 1

Close + enduring emotional bond to parents or other primary caregivers

Question 2

Attachment theory

Bolwby

Answer 2

Children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival

Question 3

Secure base

Answer 3

Refers to the idea that

a) the presence of a trusted caregiver provides the infant with a sense of security that allows the cild to explore the environment
b) caregiver serves a s a haven of safety when the infant feels threatened or insecure

Question 4

The 4 Phases of the initial development of attachment

Bowlby

Answer 4

1. PREATTACHMENT

–> infant produces innate signals to summon the caregiver, to be comforted

2. ATTACHMENT IN THE MAKING

• -> infants respond preferentially to familiar people
• -> have expectations on how caregivers respond to their needs

3. CLEAR CUT ATTACHMENT

–> actively seek contact with caregivers

4. RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP

–> infants are able to organize their efforts to be near parents, due to cognitive + language abilities

Question 5

Internal working model of attachment

Answer 5

Mental representation of

a) the self
b) attachment figures
c) relationships in general

–> outcome of the 4 phases of the initial development of attachment

Question 6

Strange situation 
(Ainsworth)

Answer 6

Procedure to asses an infants attachment to their primary caregiver

Question 7

Which key measures provide insight into the quality of an infants attachment to the caregiver ?

Answer 7

1. The extent to which an infant is able to use his/her primary caregiver as a secure base
2. How the infant reacts to brief separations from the caregiver

Question 8

Secure attachment

Answer 8

Infants have a high quality relationship with their attachment figure

• -> Tend to be upset when caregiver leaves, but happy when caregiver returns
• -> recovers quickly from distress

=> mothers are much more responsive + sensitive

Question 9

Insecure attachment

Answer 9

Infants have a less positive attachment to their caregiver

–> can be classified as

a) insecure/ resistant
b) insecure/ avoidant
c) disorganized/ disorientated

Question 10

Insecure/ Resistant attachment

Answer 10

Infants are clingy and stay close to their caregiver rather than exploring their environment

–> get upset when caregiver leaves, not easily comforted when he returns

–> seeks comfort but resists it too

Question 11

Insecure/ Avoidant attachment

Answer 11

Infants are indifferent toward their caregivers and may even avoid them

• -> indifferent when caregivers leave and return
• -> are as easily comforted by a stranger as by a parent

Question 12

Disorganized/ Disoriented attachment

Answer 12

Infants have no consistent way of coping with stress

–> behavior is contradictory and confused

ex.: in strange situation they want to approach the mother but are also rather fearful of her

Question 13

Cultural variations in attachment

asian vs american culture

Answer 13

Cultural variations result from:

a) different WAYS of RAISING children
ex. : Japanese mothers foster a greater mother- child closeness + intimacy and greater dependency on mother
b) different experiences with SEPARATION
ex. : Japanese children in 80s didn’t necessarily enroll in daycare

Question 14

Parental sensitivity

Answer 14

The ability to perceive + interpret childrens attachment signals correctly ant to respond to these signals promptly and adequately

–> differences here will lead to individual differences in attachment relationships

Question 15

Differential susceptibility

Answer 15

Suggests that certain genes result in children being differentially susceptible to the quality of their rearing environment

Question 16

Which long term effects does a secure attachment have ?

Answer 16

Securely attached infants will

1. be better adjusted + more socially skilled
2. develop positive internal working models of attachment
3. be able to express emotions in an appropriate way +
   better understand others emotions
4. have closer/ harmonious romantic relationships and with peers

Question 17

Which long therm effects does an insecure attachment have ?

Answer 17

Insecurely attached infants will

1. Inhibit emotional expressiveness
2. Avoid + decline comfort from other people
3. be prone to aggressive behavior

Question 18

Self

Answer 18

A conceptional system made up of ones thoughts and attitudes about oneself

• -> physical being
• -> social characteristics

Question 19

Why is the development of the self of importance ?

Answer 19

Because the individuals self conceptions including the ways they feel about themselves appear to influence their overall feelings of well being + competence

Question 20

Which factors influence identity formation ?

Answer 20

1. Secure attachment
   - -> individuals who experience support + warmth from parents form more mature identities
2. Historical context
   - -> Poorer individuals have fewer career options

Question 21

Self esteem

Answer 21

Ones overall evaluation of the self and the feeling engendered by that evaluation

–> related to how satisfied people are with themselves

–> its development stems from an interaction of nature + nurture + attachment styles

Question 22

3 Phases of breaking the bond with parents

Answer 22

1. Protest
2. Despair
   - -> parents fall into passivity
3. Detachment
   - -> ready to interact with other caregivers

Question 23

4 Parenting Styles

Answer 23

1. Authoritative
2. Negligent
3. Authoritarian
4. Permissive/Indulgent

Question 24

Adult attachment interview

Answer 24

Open ended questions about attachment, separation + loss during childhood + adulthood

Question 25

Insecure dismissive adults

Answer 25

Insist in not remembering attachment related interactions but appear to have had a positive experience --> contradict themselves when retelling stories + are unaware of their inconsistencies

Question 26

Autonomous/ Secure adults

Answer 26

Describe past in a balanced manner (negative + negative events) - -> tend to be positive + warm - -> less angry + intrusive

Question 27

Insecure/ Preoccupied adults

Answer 27

Tend to give confused + angry accounts of attachment related events - -> intensive focused on parents - -> seem to be caught up in attachment memories

Question 28

Unresolved/ disorganized adults

Answer 28

Still struggling with loss or trauma --> striking lapses in reasoning

Question 29

Authoritative Parents

Answer 29

Are responsive to the child's emotional needs while having high standards --> set limits and are very consistent in enforcing boundaries.

Question 30

Negligent Parents

Answer 30

Parents focus on their own rather than their childrens needs - -> fail to monitor childs activity - -> try to minimize costs of interaction with the child

Question 31

Permissive/Indulgent Parents

Answer 31

Parents exercise inconsistent discipline + encourage children to express their impulses freely --> children show impulsive/aggressive behavior + are uncompliant

Question 32

Authoritarian Parents

Answer 32

Parents are power assertive, harsh + unresponsive to their childrens needs --> children tend to be more fearful