problems and society

Question 1

laws and regulations collocation

Answer 1

pass laws
comply with laws
introduce/bring in regulations, conform to safety regulations, penalties for failure to comply with the regulations

Question 2

standardise colloc

Answer 2

standardise procedures/processes/systems
adhere to standards

Question 3

the condition of being morally and legally bound to do sth colloc

Answer 3

have an obligation to
be under(no) an obligations to, a legal/moral obligation
impose/place/fulfil/meet financial/contractual obligations
fulfil professional obligations
take sb in solely out of a sense of obligation
the law imposes certain obligations on public authorities
failure to meet contractual obligations may result in legal action
have a legal obligation to ensure your child receives adequate education
settle contractual disputes, contractual commitments/duties

Question 4

when you estimate sth

Answer 4

carry out a risk assessment with a view to minimise danger to employees
conduct an annual assessment if, initial/preliminary/thorough assessment
make an assessment of the situation
assessment criteria
evaluate impact/performance/effectiveness on appraise performance
in cooperation with appraise the needs of

Question 5

when you break law

Answer 5

in breach of the law
infringe the regulations relating to
widespread surveillance infringes on personal liberties, infringe on privacy
flout the rules/traditions/convention

Question 6

agreement colloc

Answer 6

arrive at an agreement
reach an agreement

Question 7

permission colloc

Answer 7

seek/obtain permission
be granted/given permission

Question 8

important

Answer 8

absolutely essential
of vital/paramount importance, it is vital to, The kidney plays a vital role/part in the removal of waste products from the blood., it is vitally important that, depend vitally on government subsidies ; vitally alive
overriding concern.consideration
it is imperative that standards are maintained

Question 9

laws and rules collectively

Answer 9

introduce new legislation

Question 10

take a tougher line

Answer 10

tighten controls/rules
central government has tightened control over local authority spending

Question 11

… an application

Answer 11

put in

Question 12

same and boring

Answer 12

faceless bureaucrats

Question 13

authority colloc

Answer 13

be in a position of considerable authority
exercise authority/greater control over

Question 14

unnecessary processes and rules

Answer 14

red tape
cut through the red tape
hampered by red tape
excessive red tape

Question 15

the usual way of doing sth

Answer 15

convention
defy/flout/break with convention
convention dictates that
hold annual party convention, sign/ratify a convention
- defy teachers/parents/the majority decision/the laws
defy belief/description/explanation
defy sb to do sth

Question 16

increase in size

Answer 16

swell
swell up
swell its ranks

Question 17

very valuable-

Answer 17

invaluable experience/advice
prove invaluable to/for
invaluable asset/contribution/resource

Question 18

waste colloc and key phrases

Answer 18

disposal of household waste is daunting task for local authorities
dump waste
toxic chemicals/waste to be dumped into the river
household waste contains many materials and substances which are extremely harmful to the environment and authorities need long-term, solutions
toxic waste

Question 19

unhappy

Answer 19

down in the dumps

Question 20

environment colloc

Answer 20

conserve/preserve/protect the environment
concern abt the environment, damage/destroy/harm the environment, a risk/pose a serious threat to the environment
business/commercial/retail environment, office/workplace, evaluate the impact of pesticides of the environment
chemicals have a detrimental effect/impact on the env.
avert an environmental catastrophe on a global scale
tough measures to tackle road congestion and environmental problems
env. issues/concern/challenges/effect/impact/science/technology/cleanup

Question 21

use sth again

Answer 21

recycle
recycle waste/goods
plastic bottles can be recycled into a myriad other products

Question 22

the health of the population as a whole

Answer 22

public health
a risk to public health

Question 23

list some of the consequences of the climate change

Answer 23

climate change is the most urgent issue facing us today
the changing weather patterns, searing heat, soar temperatures, suffer a widespread flooding on a regular basis
inevitably have a detrimental impact on biodiversity
dire consequences, in the face of irreversible climate change, oil supplies will run dry(run out)
quest for wealth/riches
generate the refuse
CO2 plays a critical role in maintaining the balance in the Earth’s atmosphere and the air that we breathe, however/notwithstanding, excessive amounts of CO2 present in the atmosphere are detrimental to the environment
grasp the magnitude of the problem
dwindling funds/population/resources, severely depleted stocks, cash and carry outlets rely on a rapid turnover of stock, replenish stock of wine, turnover of stock
a drastic decline/drop/reduction in
shrinking habitats pose a threat to biodiversity, in terms of both plants and animals, and endangered species will require legal protection if they’re to survive
CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels are contributing to the greenhouse effect; In addition, rapid population growth exerts severe pressure on finite resources, and the ecological balance may be upset by uncontrolled deforestation
demographic projections suggest the world population will continue to grow exponentially, putting extra pressure on depleting resources
safe water may become an increasingly precious commodity, leading to issues of water security
pervasive feeling of doom and gloom
Our high living standards cause our current population to consume 25 percent of the world’s oil.
Most of their manufactured products are consumed domestically.
The software consumes huge amounts of internet bandwidth.( be consumed by/with)
profound effect on, bring about profound changes, profound implications(profound truths/wisdoms)

coral reefs form some of the world’s most productive and fascinating ecosystems, providing complex and varied marine habitats that support a wide range of other organismsA`

Question 24

tackle climate change

Answer 24

recycle waste/products- plastic bottles can be recycled into a myriad other products
tough measures to tackle road congestion and env. pollution
reduce carbon footprint
in the face of irreversible climate change, call for urgent action on climate change, climate change talks/summit, a climate change sceptic
reduce food miles by buying/purchasing local produce
offset carbon emissions, offset long-haul flights, purchase an offset when booking flights
vehicle emissions
hybrid cars, develop alternative energy sources, solar heating/panels/cells, harness solar energy,
construct offshore wind farms
renewable energy, green taxes and incentives to encourage eco-friendly design in architecture
it’s absolutely vital that everyone plays their part in combating climate change
many of the Earth’s crises are chronic and inexorably linked
chronic disease/pain/shortage of/economic problems, the inexorable progress of science
the air is polluted by emissions produced by…
grasp the magnitude/significance/importance of
explore alternative energy sources
disposable plates/razors/syringe/high-tech gadget
the market no longer offers disposable plastic bags at checkout
replace imported oil with biofuels produced from homegrown materials
efforts to promote the use of biodiesel, distributed at filling stations nationally
clearly, many hurdles stand in the way of making such biofuels commercially viable
it is problematic to forecast whether powering our vehicles with crop derivatives will ever be a truly economic proposition
nevertheless, it is not too early to ponder what impact the widespread adoption of biofuel would have on our environment
consequently, the burden on freshwater supplies and the general disruption that would accompany such a switch in fuel sources would be immense
wean oneself off petroleum fuels
cultivation of oil palms demands a tropical climate, and its large-scale production is a significant factor in the ongoing destruction
dire threat to the dwindling population of
the advantage of efficient technology and low-cost feedstock;
widely recognised as having the potential to meet the demands of a biodiesel-based transportation fleet without devastating the natural habitats/landscape
treat the vast/huge quantities of nutrient\laden water which runs off from adjacent farm land
view prospect as dim,
take drastic action/measures/steps, drastic changes/cuts
adopt a policy of sustainable development
conserve a finite reserve of fossil fuel that should be conserved

Question 25

increase and be high

Answer 25

soar house prices soar sales are soaring

Question 26

counteract

Answer 26

be offset by , offset against tax profits and losses on each investment tend to offset each other

Question 27

improvement or development of sth

Answer 27

advance - the advances made by humans have made us the dominant species on our planet; recent advances in the medical field, the advance of floodwaters, represent a major advance in, the advance of the digital age, economic/technological advance, be engaged in the task of restraining the advance of the pound/dollar - to advance career/position; to advance greatly in knowledge, considerably advance, to advance the cause of - early = provide advance notice, advance warning, advance payment, to pay an advance - in advance

Question 28

the greatest

Answer 28

the dominant issue/market share merit careful consideration for a small consideration- a sum of money

Question 29

unparalleled

Answer 29

unprecedented however, several eminent scientist are concerned that our way of life is putting an unprecedented strain on the Earth's ecosystems and threatening our future as a species witness environmental destruction on an environmental scale, reach an unprecedented level, take the unprecedented step of, on an unprecedented /unparalleled scale

Question 30

demanding and hard

Answer 30

taxing we're confronting environmental problems that are more taxing than ever before, some of which seemingly insoluble insoluble- insurmountable we must face the fact that some problems are insoluble insurmountable difficulties/problems/obstacles/tasks

Question 31

base on sth

Answer 31

premise premise your argument on several incorrect assumptions; calculation is premised on the idea that

Question 32

emissions colloc

Answer 32

cut/limit/reduce emissions, emission reductions hybrid vehicles significantly reduce the emission of pollutants hybrid vehicles reduce the emissions of pollutants

Question 33

use up

Answer 33

exhaust a supply/resources/stock/every possibility/option/reserves car exhaust through acid rain and greenhouse gases exhaust fumes can have a devastating impact in our climate

Question 34

when soil erodes

Answer 34

soil/coastal erosion: the survey reveals a gradual erosion of support, price/jobs erosion the soil is contaminated by factories and power stations which deposit heavy metals in the soil; other human activities such as intensive farming and agriculture take their toll on the quality of the soil; deforestation has been linked with soil erosion

Question 35

new and untouched

Answer 35

pristine pristine condition

Question 36

unaffected

Answer 36

immune become immune to sth

Question 37

prevalent

Answer 37

pervasive pervasive influence, all-pervasive corruption

Question 38

do you prefer living in the city or in the countryside?why?

Answer 38

useful phrases:(city) in the bustling centre you can enjoy high-quality urban living, with reliable public transport crowded streets, hectic pace of life, hail a taxi extensive grounds/repairs/knowledge/coverage/plans (countryside) rustic charm of life in the back of beyond, the unblemished charm of rustic life has been a perennial source of inspiration in the back of beyond a rural/pastoral idyll an economic backwater, a quiet backwater in the middle of nowhere unspoilt /surrounding countryside, flock to the countryside , unspoilt and pristine beaches a rural/ a bleak urban landscape, a barren/rugged landscape a mountain/fishing village, Many people come from the outlying/surrounding villages to work in the town. Because I live in a remote village, I regard my car as an essential.

Question 39

busy

Answer 39

hectic a hectic schedule/day/week/lifestyle/growth/expansion

Question 40

stiff/fixed

Answer 40

rigid a rigid steel and concrete structure be rigid with fear bored rigid

Question 41

improve life in inner city

Answer 41

urban regeneration/decay/development/centre/community/area/sprawl the high-speed train link is responsible for one of the biggest urban regeneration projects in the area the council is committed to a programme of urban regeneration key features of the plan include the restoration of derelict buildings and a tree-planting scheme/initiative a restoration plan/work/project at the top of agenda is economic development in inner cities inner city area/schools/communities/regeneration/revitalization a substantial increase in the number of residential dwellings in the town centre will ease the problem of congested roads and night-time crime recreational facilities within walking distance homelessness is on the increase leafy suburbs and a desirable place to live a redevelopment project/program/scheme, urban/city centre redevelopment be demolished/targeted for redevelopment urban regeneration redistributes opportunities, increasing urban prosperity and overall quality of life; urban regeneration initiatives are complex, access to services and active involvement of local residents to promote local economic development, where public space is a key element of interventions carry out in a residential area without detriment to amenities

Question 42

in bad condition

Answer 42

derelict a derelict site, stand/lie derelict

Question 43

having enough money to live , pay off debts

Answer 43

keep/stay afloat many retailers are struggling to stay afloat because they expanded beyond their capabilities

Question 44

money you earn

Answer 44

a source of income(primary), supplement your income

Question 45

account colloc

Answer 45

open/close an account( a current account), pay money into an account, joint/separate account, a joint bank account, savings account, = an account of travel expenses incurred by an employee must be submitted for reimbursement together with receipts = give/keep an account of, = by/from all accounts = be of no/little account = account to sb for sth-explain = take into account = on no account- never = leave sth out of account - leave issues such as sustainability out of account = there's no accounting for taste = turn sth to good account = on account of - on one's account

Question 46

debt colloc

Answer 46

get into debt, clear your debts run up/pay off a debt (huge debts), be in debt to the bank, be deep in debt, amass/incur a debt of, when applying for a loan, customers may be required to prove their ability to repay the debt settle a debt service debts be burdened/saddled with crippling debts consumer debt is soaring, with record-level defaults on credit card the conglomerate is in debt fall into debt clear outstanding debts pay back loans a debt-ridden country/economy

Question 47

how to save money

Answer 47

cut down on luxuries seek advice spend a fortune run up a bill

Question 48

credit card colloc

Answer 48

a credit-card debt, make a payment, on no account exceed the agreed credit limit borrow heavily to repay debts credit-card fraud has reached an all-time high, identity theft is on the increase

Question 49

amount of money that a customer with a bank account is temporarily allowed to owe to the bank

Answer 49

run up/increase an overdraft offer an interest-free overdraft offer overdraft facilities on an account a borrowing/credit facility have an overdraft arrange am overdraft pay interest if your account is overdrawn the amount overdrawn is within the authorized overdraft limit overdraw account by an overdraft occurs when sth is withdrawn in excess of what is a current account

Question 50

money/finances problems

Answer 50

spend a fortune run up a bill falsify record and make fraudulent claims for travel expenses put down a deposit on, if borrowers default on repayments, banks are obliged to call in loans

Question 51

interest rate colloc

Answer 51

high/low, cut/raise, rising/falling, fluctuations, a rise in the i.r., variable/fixed charge an .. of

Question 52

when you don't pay on time

Answer 52

default, the recession has been accompanied by a (concomitant) rise in the incidence of defaults on loans in default of any better alternative, loan defaults deteriorating economy pushed defaults to.. default choice

Question 53

accept that some money has been lost

Answer 53

write off debts on the promise of new cost-cutting measures a write-off - sth/sb worthless and unimportant

Question 54

large (talking abt money or prices)

Answer 54

hefty returns/dividends/increase/rise/debt/profit/fines/discount

Question 55

government finances

Answer 55

the financial liabilities of the government sector, a deficit occurs when a government's expenditures exceed revenues causes of government debt accumulation put in place sweeping fiscal measures

Question 56

inflation collocations

Answer 56

measures to curb inflation have proven highly successful high/low/moderate inflation, falling/rising/accelerating inflation, a surge/increase/rise in inflation, a decline/fall/reduction in inflation, fuel/push up, the overall rate of inflation keep pace with inflation, outstrip supply/demand output in the sector has increased, but has been outstripped by service sector growth a surge in house prices, profits surge rampant inflation, inflation currently stands at

Question 57

economic situation

Answer 57

current economic climate

Question 58

invest colloc

Answer 58

invest for the long-term, stocks are regarded as good long-term investments, maintain current level of investment, make a significant investment in, the need to attract foreign investment

Question 59

to lead sth (talk abt economy)

Answer 59

steer the economy through uninterrupted economic growth steer clear of, steer the conversation back to sth

Question 60

encourage sth

Answer 60

stimulate the economy cut taxes in order to stimulate the economy. stimulate growth/investment/trade

Question 61

to show sth

Answer 61

indicate an economic indicator commodity prices can be a useful/reliable indicator of inflation, key indicator of car ownership is frequently used as an indicator of affluence

Question 62

protect sb's interests

Answer 62

safeguard

Question 63

the amount of sth that is produced/generated

Answer 63

output increase output , manufacturing output falls by/declines/is down, focus on revenues and outputs, boost/raise/reduce/limit/cut (greenhouse gases) output, output falls/declines/rises/grows economic/industrial/annual/overall/global/donestic output

Question 64

decrease

Answer 64

plummet profits plummet

Question 65

public services= ? public colloc

Answer 65

goal/ PRIME objective to establish world-class public services through investment and reform in order to ensure that taxpayers receive real value for money( Reckless lending was the prime cause of the crisis.) achieve/meet financial/main/prime/predominant objective public spending, to increase/cut public spending any service intended to address specific needs pertaining to members of a community The widespread provision of public utilities as public services in developed countries a global initiative which aims to influence the provision of public services and infrastructure to marginalized demographics in the public interest, public opinion, increase public awareness of, cause a public nuisance, bow to public pressure, hold public office, launch a campaign/initiative/scheme

Question 66

main/most important

Answer 66

a prime example of, a prime target, a prime source of evidence/income ( supplement prime source of income by selling pastry on the side) investing globally enhances the fund's ability to meet its primary objective establish/set clear objectives at/from the outset

Question 67

be successful

Answer 67

meet with considerable success

Question 68

untaxed and unrecorded economy

Answer 68

black economy win the battle against the black economy, build on the success of if current trends continue/go unchecked, if left unchecked , undeclared earnings and other tax evasion practices will push up costs and contribute to rising unemployment curb tax evasion

Question 69

limit sth

Answer 69

restrict measures to restrict the sale of alcohol, restrict social life, restrict access to, restrict the sale/supply/use of sth, restrict the number of retail outlets that purvey Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated/exacerbated the problem of traffic congestion.

Question 70

unemployment colloc

Answer 70

unemployment has risen/fallen again for the third consecutive month Welfare discrimination plunges thousands of young people into a cycle of homelessness, unemployment and poverty. a period/spell/fear of unemployment stands at 15% measure of unemployment, high/low unemployment figures/levels/statistics tackle/reduce increase/decline in unemployment unemployment falls/drops/rises/soars/ competition caused by globalization and international trade High and the persistent unemployment, in which economic inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm Unemployment has been linked to extremely adverse effects on people's mental health

Question 71

address colloc

Answer 71

address the issues surrounding large-scale economic migration address a problem/issue/the budget deficit to address a few introductory remarks to the audience to be addressed as a change of address, full address scribble address on the envelope, the parcel was wrongly addressed, a letter addressed to, a stamped addressed envelope call for a fresh drive to address the issue( water drives the turbines that generate electricity, drive yourself too hard, be driven by ambition, turbines driven by steam, a recruitment drive, on an economy drive, drive and ambition, have the drive to succeed, a cost-cutting drive, drive at-allude to)

Question 72

movement of people(or animals) to a new area

Answer 72

migration track bird populations and migration patterns a mass migration of poverty-stricken into the cities many economic benefits of migration the extensive rural-to-urban migration has created a severe housing shortage economic migration is perceived as a problem that must be tackled rather than a force for good

Question 73

a new (solution/idea)

Answer 73

offer a novel solution

Question 74

respect for and obedience to the rules

Answer 74

law and order law and order break down, a complete breakdown in law and order assess the rate of breakdown of, a breakdown of the figures into, a full breakdown of the costs mechanical breakdown, the breakdown of the negotiations the breakdown of the new computer system, require a detailed cost breakdown, a breakdown of the figures

Question 75

talk about protests and disruptions

Answer 75

a volcano erupts, violence/riots erupt, to riot, a riot of colour, run riot(in rainforest, the daily downpours let vegetation run riot, children run riot, imagination runs riot) be in a state of disorder, public disorder(outbreaks of public disorder), a blood/mental disorder incite violence as the discontent grew, riots erupted

Question 76

fabric colloc

Answer 76

dress fabric, seats upholstered in red fabric, the fabric of society/the social fabric the multicultural fabric of society, cultural institutions contribute to the fabric of urban society

Question 76

fabric colloc

Answer 76

dress fabric, seats upholstered in red fabric, the fabric of society/the social fabric the multicultural fabric of society, cultural institutions contribute to the fabric of urban society

Question 77

severe measures

Answer 77

draconian tend to take draconian measures which seldom work draconian laws/methods draconian policies fuel growing public frustration and discontent, spark national outrage, drastic/draconian/radical measures(introduce measures to reduce noise levels, take further measures to cut costs,

Question 78

medical or some other form of assistance

Answer 78

relief provide relief when disasters occur in poorer countries an international relief operation, relief supplies, famine relief stand out in sharp relief against aid agencies provide emergency relief

Question 79

an urgent or emotional request

Answer 79

make a plea for governments to break the cycle of (poverty, dependency) a vicious cycle, cycle of debt

Question 80

old and dilapidated buildings

Answer 80

run-down to run down - criticize a rundown on/of sth redevelop run-down areas

Question 81

contrary to the customs of a society in which one lives outside the bounds of acceptable behaviour

Answer 81

antisocial behaviour/habit beyond the pale(pale into insignificance)

Question 82

unable to deal adequately with normal social relations

Answer 82

dysfunctional families

Question 83

inspection, careful examination

Answer 83

scrutiny come under scrutiny in this wide-ranging study, be subjected to/come under (close) scrutiny

Question 84

earning little

Answer 84

many complex issues affecting low-income families be in a high/low income bracket ... age bracket, price bracket marginalized and low-income populations are disproportionately exposed to environmental issues put students from low-income families at a disadvantage ( inevitably placing many people at a disadvantage, the law places/puts low-income families at a distinct disadvantage)

Question 85

serious and difficult to solve crisis colloc

Answer 85

complex a problem/issue of great complexity; reflect the range and complexity of belief; vary in complexity, take into account the complexity of educational processes and the diversity of educational goals a major/global/economic/political crisis, a looming/growing/impending crisis face a crisis, a crisis occurs/arises/escalates address/ resolve a crisis, in crisis in the grip of an economic crisis resolve a problem/differences intervene in domestic policy only during episodes of extreme crisis reel from a crisis

Question 86

play a part in sth too slight in amount to be important

Answer 86

1. contribute contribute articles (write) to magazines evidence suggests that ... would contribute to economic recovery contribute .. towards the cost of local services, contribute to a private pension ( making provision for retirement) contribute to a meeting/discussion all contributions will be much appreciated contributions for the school magazine, make a major contribution to road safety negligible contribution to the discussion negligible = the difference between .. is negligible, negligible knowledge , negligible impact/effect, negligible growth, negligible risks/damage

Question 87

the homeless and the poor colloc

Answer 87

provide shelter for the homeless, poor sanitary conditions, unfit for human habitation, provide affordable housing, introduce neighbourhood watch scheme claim benefits possess an illegal substance(persistent poverty and continued discrimination in the workplace, housing lacking basic amenities, allocate money to housing development, substantially increase subsidies for the poor, receive a substantial government subsidy)

Question 88

unhappiness or dissatisfaction with sth

Answer 88

discontent rapidly spreading discontent(among), widespread discontent about/over/with sth fuel growing discontent, stoke public discontent; the chaos and disarray is a stark contrast to; keep at bay)

Question 89

cause continual distress/trouble (crime colloc and phrases)

Answer 89

plague plague sb with questions ; be plagued by a certain amount of adversity, perpetually plaguing pupils; a fresh drive to combat crime, plagued with rising crime involved in the initiative to tackle retail crime

Question 90

SOCIAL WORK - collocations and phrases

Answer 90

1. social work - the work carried out by trained personnel with the aim of alleviating the conditions of those people in a community suffering from chronic social deprivation (invest in social enterprises in emerging markets and worldwide(affect livelihood; conservation of biodiversity; through a combination of grants, loans, and market access) 2. main objectives : enhance individual and collective well-being/ enhance societal resilience // enhance mutual understanding and trust as well as deepen cooperation in various fields( collective effort/decision/responsibility/leadership/ownership of the means of production), conduct assessment and develop interventions, comprehensive programmes aimed at reducing state interventions in the economy, , promote social cohesion and facilitate a smooth transition back to the family and community(smooth transitions between learning environments lead to better outcomes), lack of social cohesions puts residents at risk of severe social isolation, reduce/eliminate ambiguity/ yield ambiguous conclusions,, be constrained to pursue peaceful means to achieve objectives, by its nature it's dual in character, address the profound implications of the sharp decline in birthrates for fiscal sustainability, economic growth and social cohesion , address the basic needs to individuals in acute or chronic distress, the enhancement of public amenities, a paramount concern is the welfare of children , local authorities have an obligation to promote the welfare pf children, claim welfare benefits , assist those increasingly ill-equipped to anticipate and cope with the adverse effects of economic change, economically viable, seek to protect civil rights through economic and educational initiatives, capital investments is a key ingredient in an economic recovery, meet a wide spectrum of needs arising from routine contingencies of living( deal with all possible contingencies), key insight is that in order to build economic prosperity and alleviate fast-rising poverty, political reform is a necessity 3. when = there arose more systematic responses to the factors that render individuals, and thus society at large, vulnerable , ensure equitable access to services and programmes, and systematic meaningful engagement 4. how to achieve goals = provide a wide range of welfare services/ secure welfare provision/substantial increases in welfare expenditure/, recruit staff whose range of complex skills is required for effective service provision 5. not to = provide assistance on the basis of selective criteria, withhold relief from all but the truly destitute, to whom it is given as a last resort, impede the welfare of 6. improve= the family unit is imbued with the greatest value by most child welfare programmes; shift towards more socially inclusive approaches inclusive ways of thinking about moral status dramatically widen the scope , devise strategies that address, establish acceptable modes of conduct,

Question 91

affecting some things

Answer 91

selective make selective acquisitions and extend product range provide selective access to selective approach be selective in

Question 92

extend the limits of

Answer 92

push back the frontiers of knowledge,] the frontiers of science technology frontier live in a town close to the frontiers, the frontiers between thought and reality

Question 93

findings

Answer 93

publish/present/announce///initial/preliminary

Question 94

make use of

Answer 94

harness technology in all sorts of innovative ways(methods/design/products/programmes/approach/strategy vie to harness the bizarre properties of particles; raise the prospect of plentiful clean power a vast complex

Question 95

modern

Answer 95

cutting-edge design is transforming our daily lives

Question 96

work ok

Answer 96

run smoothly

Question 97

...equipment

Answer 97

install equipment

Question 98

damage caused by ordinary use

Answer 98

wear and tear stand up to wear and tear suffer from

Question 99

stop working

Answer 99

crash systems/computers crash the stock market crash a power cut may cause machinery to lose power and production may be halted until power is restored shut down a computer

Question 100

put a card .. ... a card music... ... an app wi-fi ... to email tv.. maps..

Answer 100

put a card in a slot and enter one's PIN, insert coins in a slot swipe a card stored on my phone download an app wi-fi hotspots remote access to email/ switch channels , flat-screen tv on and off by remote control high-definition tv use satnav, fitted with satnav broadcast in high definition

Question 101

be healthy how to be healthy

Answer 101

enjoy good health reduce stress levels;

Question 102

exercise colloc

Answer 102

build up your strength by doing plenty of exercise gentle exercise do a lot of sport physical exercise enhances overall health nutritional value /deficiencies , have no nutritional value, extol the benefits of , a rich source of fiber, .. may offer a variety of health benefits, such as aiding weight management and improving digestion obesity is a worldwide health concern, and many diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease, are becoming more prevalent because of obesity, aid digestion Good nutrition is essential if patients are to make a quick recovery. bring about improvements in nutrition

Question 103

diet/food colloc

Answer 103

watch what you eat a balanced/varied diet

Question 104

increase sth

Answer 104

build up strength/resistance to disease

Question 105

treatment colloc

Answer 105

be diagnosed with a serious medical condition have an operation prescribe a course of medication respond well to treatment make a full recovery

Question 106

sth unwanted

Answer 106

suffer side effects does this drug have any side effect a side effect of the new laws adverse adverse reactions, adverse events/effects/impact/change, adverse conditions/consequences/circumstances, adverse weather conditions adverse publicity/criticism

Question 107

when you take more medication than is needed

Answer 107

exceed the recommended dose take an overdose a lethal dose, in small doses, receive a hefty dose of bad news

Question 108

cold colloc

Answer 108

a streaming/heavy/nasty cold shake off a cold

Question 109

disease colloc

Answer 109

a rare/infectious/incurable disease a debilitating and incurable disease suffer from a chronic disease

Question 110

be unhealthy

Answer 110

be in poor health/critically ill/fight for one's life

Question 111

coma colloc/heart attack

Answer 111

fall into/come out of a coma suffer a massive heart attack

Question 112

punishment colloc

Answer 112

express views about crime and punishment escape punishment LET SB OFF SCOT-FREE

Question 113

when you have to stay in prison

Answer 113

receive a custodial sentence

Question 114

not serious (crimes)

Answer 114

commit minor offences

Question 115

a formal examination of evidence by a judge

Answer 115

trial - put sb on trial, trial proceedings, trial by jury, go on/stand trial for fraud, face trial, the trial was adjourned ( adjourn a meeting) - undergo clinical trials, conduct a clinical/drug trial fill a vacancy with a long-term unemployed individual on a trial basis, buy sth on trial - a process of trial and error, learn by trial and error

Question 116

when you are guilty

Answer 116

be found guilty

Question 117

prison term

Answer 117

sentence give sb a sentence get. heavy/light sentence, the offence carries a jail/prison/life sentence serve out one's sentence

Question 118

justice colloc

Answer 118

miscarriage of justice a grave/gross miscarriage of justice, the justice system comprises a series of law courts at different levels victims of a miscarriage of justice, obstruct the course of justice - do justice to sb/sth or do sth/sb justice - bring the criminals to justice

Question 119

false charges

Answer 119

face trial on the basis of unreliable evidence or trumped-up charges

Question 120

high

Answer 120

soaring crime rates

Question 121

sth that lessens the blame

Answer 121

mitigating/extenuating circumstances

Question 122

stay in prison until the trial

Answer 122

be remanded in custody

Question 123

a decision on an issue

Answer 123

verdict unanimous verdict the jury= reach/return a verdict of (not) guilty, give one's verdict on, the government's economic records reach a unanimous decision on (a proposal), unanimous support/approval/vote, require the unanimous vote of the board to enact the rule deliver/give/issue your verdict on be found not guilty

Question 124

prove sb's innocence

Answer 124

prove beyond reasonable doubt

Question 125

the conducting of legal proceedings against sb

Answer 125

prosecution be prosecuted for fraud, be liable to prosecution, face prosecution for breaches of safety regulations

Question 126

dishonest

Answer 126

fraudulent business dealings a rise/surge in fraudulent claims

Question 127

assume sth ( with no proof)

Answer 127

allege it is alleged that deny all knowledge of the alleged fraudulent business dealings allege that, be alleged to, alleged criminals/offences

Question 128

witness colloc

Answer 128

a key witness gives evidence unreliable witness

Question 129

compensation

Answer 129

award damages , be ordered to pay damages to

Question 130

ignore

Answer 130

dismiss to dismiss the case dismiss claims/complaints/concerns/talk/speculation He dismissed claims by members of the union that the layoffs are motivated by budgetary concerns. - fire : be dismissed from your job, He has been dismissed from his job for incompetence.( gross/utter , allegations of professional incompetence, expose/reveal/demonstrate administrative/managerial incompetence), - dismiss sb as , dismiss the idea,dismiss those thoughts from your mind

Question 131

disagree with

Answer 131

contest the verdict/decosopms

Question 132

enemies colloc bitter colloc

Answer 132

bitter/sworn enemies routine is the enemy of the art enemy forces/aircraft a bitter look, bitter argument/recriminations, a bitter disappointment/experience fight to the bitter end taste the bitter fruits of a bitter pill to swallow

Question 133

feelings of hate and unfriendliness

Answer 133

hostility show open hostility to/toward, war= be engaged in hostilities, hostilities begin/break out/suspended

Question 134

collect(ammunition)

Answer 134

stockpile stockpiles of grain, cash stockpile, provide plenty of ammunition for

Question 135

stability=

Answer 135

instability create political/economic instability a period of political stability, the stability of the system, restore/provide/promote stability,

Question 136

use(troops)

Answer 136

deploy troops to somewhere deploy resources/staff

Question 137

occurring without a reason, violence colloc

Answer 137

unprovoked;; a spate of attacks an unprovoked attack, violence erupts /escalates( a problem/crisis/dispute escalates, the escalating cost of health care, demand/costs)

Question 138

gunfire from two or more directions

Answer 138

crossfire be caught in the crossfire

Question 139

take the initiative by beginning to attack sth that is intended to prevent an enemy from striking strike that is short and precise human death/damage on both sides an attack made in response to stop fighting

Answer 139

offensive go on the offensive launch the land offensive make a pre-emptive strike, as a pre-emptive measure surgical strike collateral damage OR sustain/suffer casualties, no casualties, reduce/minimize/prevent/cause/inflict casualties launch/mount a counter-attack call for/declare a ceasefire

Question 140

take power

Answer 140

seize power/control seize the chance/opportunity with both hands, seize the initiative

Question 141

ceasefire

Answer 141

truce uneasy truce-liable to change agree a truce, declare/call a truce

Question 142

easily broken

Answer 142

fragile peace consolidate the fragile ceasefire fragile items/health/porcelain, fragile economy/recovery /stability chaos and disarray in stark contrast

Question 143

to start to operate

Answer 143

come into effect ceasefire comes into effect take effect in effect - in practice to remain in effect laws come into effect take effect from... onward put sth into effect - implement produce/have an effect, the effect of sth on, feel/suffer the effect of a detrimental/negative/adverse effect a significant/dramatic/profound effect reduce/minimize the effect the desired effect

Question 144

peace colloc

Answer 144

restore peace a peace initiative a lasting peace keep the peace peace and quiet be at peace leave in peace peace of mind hold your peace - say nothing attitudes are hardly conducive to a peaceful settlement live in peace and tranquility( new initiatives are needed to bridge the great abyss of class, launch an initiative to tackle rising crime, unprecedented array of accountability initiatives) the police must play a crucial role in keeping the peace resume peace negotiations forge a peace agreement achieve/promote/broker peace make peace with - re-establish friendly relations with