Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 1 > Procaryotes, Protists, Plants, Fungi > Flashcards

Procaryotes, Protists, Plants, Fungi Flashcards

1
Q

What are the classification of life

A 
Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What kingdom are considered as prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some characteristics of prokaryotes?

A
  • They can tolerate extremes in conditions (Very low pH, High and Low tempratures, High salt concentrations, Radiations)
  • They are extremely small
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the types of Bacteria?

A
  • Cocci
  • Baccili
  • Spirilla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cocci

A

Bateria

  • Singular is coccus
  • Spherical prokaryotes that can be present on their own or in groups
    If in:
  • Pairs; Diplococci
  • In chains: Streptococci
  • In clusters; Staphylococci
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bacilli

A

Bacteria

Singular form: Bacillus

  • Rod-shaped bacteria often found solitary
  • Can in in chains: Streptobacilli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Spirilla

A

Bateria

  • Spiral shaped
  • Type of bacteria found in syphilis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria

A
  • Unicellular
  • Simple genome –> circular chromosomes found in nucleoid
  • Asexual reproduction –> Binary fission
  • May have flagella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Endospores

A

Resistant cells formed by some bacteria which can withstand harsh conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the functions of cell walls in bacteria and archae ?

A
  • Maintain shape
  • Protect cell
  • Prevent cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment because salt prevents growth of bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the bacteria cell walls formed from?

A

Peptidoglycan

  • Sugar polymers cross-linked by short peptides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Peptidoglycan

A
  • Sugar polymers cross-linked by short peptides

- Compose bacteria cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the archaea’s cell walls made of?

A

Polysaccharides and protein

  • They may be surrounded by gelatinous capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the functions of the gelatinous capsule around the cell walls?

A
  • Protect against host defenses
  • Protect against dehydration
  • Let them stick together
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Phototrophs

A

Bacteria that get energy from the sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Bacteria that get energy from chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Autotrophs

A

Bacteria that get carbon from CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Bacteria that need carbon from an organic source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do photoautotrophs eat? Give an example of photoautotrophs

A
  • Photosynthetic –> light as source of energy

ex. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cyanobacterium anabaena

A
  • Nitrogen Metabolism
  • Forms filamentous chains
  • Most cells only photosynthesize
  • Heterocysts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Heterocyst

A
  • Specialized cells that fix nitrogen

- Thicker cell walls to prevent oxygen from entering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Function of a chemoheterotroph

A

Deomposer

  • Break down dead organisms and waste products
  • Unlock supplies of C, N, other elements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Do cyanobacteria photosynthesize?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Types of symbiosis

A
  • Mutualism
  • Commensialism
  • Parasitism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mutualism

Give an example.

A

Host and symbiont benefit from it

ex. Bacteria in the intestinal tract obtain nutrients from the host but benefit the host by producing vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Symbiosis

A

When 2 organisms live together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Commensialism

Give an example.

A

Symbiont benefits from it
Host is unharmed

ex. >150 bacterial species live on the surface of the human body and absorbs nutrients like oil and dead skin cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Parasitism

Give an example.

A

Symbiont benefits
Host is harmed

ex. Parasites absorbs nutrients from living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pathogens

A

Parasites which cause a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Parasitoid

Give an example.

A

Will kill the host because symbiont does not depend on it, its whole life

ex. Wasps lay their eggs on caterpillars and the baby wasp eat the caterpillar to grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Monophyletic

A

RULE FOR NAMING IN TAXONOMY

When you cut off one ancestor, the rest of the branch disappears. In other words, those on a same branch come from one common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Protists

A
  • Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi
  • Some are more closely related to animals, plants and fungi than others
  • Earliest eukaryotic cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Characteristics of protists

A
  • Most are unicellular, but some form colonies or are multicellular
  • Diverse forms of nutrition (Photoautotrophs or heterotrophs)
  • Many have flagella or cilia
  • Asexual or sexual reproduction
  • Found anywhere there is water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How are protists grouped?

A

Based on how they get their food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Types of protists

A
  1. Animal-like
  2. Plant-like
  3. Fungal-like
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Characteristics of animal-like protists

Give an example.

A
  • Ingestive heterotroph are called Protozoa

ex. Ciliates and Rhizopods

37
Q

Protozoa

A

Animal-like protist

Ingestive heterotrophs who obtain food by phagocytosis

38
Q

Ciliates

Give an example.

A
  • Animal-like protists that use cilia to moce and feed
  • Live in fresh water

ex. Paramecium

39
Q

Rhizopods

Give an example.

A

Animal-like protists that move and feed by pseudopodia

ex. Amoebas

40
Q

Characteristics of plant-like protists

Give an example.

A
  • Photosynthetic
  • Contain chloroplasts
  • Include alage ( red and green algae)

ex.

  • Chlamydomonas
  • Diatoms
  • Dinoflagellates
41
Q

Types of green algae

A
  • Charophtes (most closely related to land plants)

- Chlorophytes

42
Q

Chlamydomonas

Give an example.

A

Plant-like protists

  • Unicellular algae that has 2 flagella

ex. Volvox
- A colonial algae exhibiting division of labour between cells
- Parent colony in hollow ball
- Daughter colonies located inside

43
Q

Diatoms

A

Plant-like protist

  • Unicellular or colonial
  • Cell walls contain silica
44
Q

Dinoflagellates

A
  • Multicellular plant-like protists
  • Many produce toxic or bioluminescent compounds
  • Responsible for some red tides
45
Q

Fungal-like protists

Give an example.

A
  • Absorptive heterotrophs that acquire nutrients as decomposers or parasites
    ex. Water moulds
46
Q

Characteristics of kingdom Plantae

A
  • Multicellular
  • Photosynthetic autotrophs
  • > 290,000 plant species
  • Some plants have returned to aquatic habitats (most plants are terrestrial)
  • Plants supply a lot of stuff
47
Q

What do plants supply?

A
  • Oxygen
  • Food
  • Habitats (canopy, leaves, bark, trunk, roots)
  • Stabilizes soil
48
Q

With what organisms do green algae share the most recent common ancestor with?

A

Green algae (charophytes)

49
Q

What are the common plants between green algae and plants?

A
  1. Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins
    • Both have circular rings of proteins in plasma membrane that make microfibrils
  2. Structure of flagellated sperm
    • Both have similarity in structure of flagellated sperm
  3. Formation of a phragmoplast
    • Both form phragmoplast (group of microtubules between daughter nuclei of dividing cell; cell plate then develops in the middle; leads to cell wall)

Genetic evidence supports this

50
Q

How do many charophytes survive in shallow waters?

A

They have adapted to occasionally dry conditions

  • Produce a tough protective layer to prevent zygotes from drying out
  • Same thing found in some plants
  • They have an extra tough layer around zygote to prevent it to dry out
51
Q

Advantages and challenges to dry land for plants?

A

Advantages:

  • Sunlight unfiltered by water
  • More carbon dioxide in atmosphere
  • Soil near water’s edge rich in nutrients because dead organisms in the water wash up by the shore and decompose
  • Initially few herbivores

Challenges:

  • Scarcity of water
  • No structural support against gravity
52
Q

Gametophyte

A
  • Multicellular haploid form
  • Produces haploid gametes by mitosis
  • Haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophyte
53
Q

Sporophyte

A
  • Multicellular diploid form
  • Results from union of gametes
  • Produces haploid spores by meiosis
  • Spores develop into gametophytes by mitosis
54
Q

Characteristics of bryophytes

A

Mosses and relatives

  • No vascular tissue
  • No rootes or true leaves (filamentous rhizoids)
  • Seedless
  • Need water for fertilization (sperm swims to the egg)
  • Gametophyte dominant
55
Q

Gamete

A
  • Haploid

- Sex cells for reproduction

56
Q

Spore

A
  • Diploid
  • Already “fertilized”
  • Agents of asexual reproduction
57
Q

Zygote

A

Union of sperm and egg

- Only one cell or still very few

58
Q

Embryo

A

Early stages of development of a multicellular diploid eukariotic orgnanism

59
Q

Seed

A
  • Embryo + food supply is surrounded by a protective coat
  • Dispersed by wind or other means
  • Can move away from mother plant (Has nourishment)
  • Offspring not competing with parent plant
60
Q

Components of vascular tissue

A
  • Xylem

-

61
Q

Components of vascular tissue

A
  • Xylem

- Phloem

62
Q

Xylem

A
  • Transports water and minerals upwards from roots
  • Composed of tracheids and vessel elements
  • Lignified (contains lignin; a strong molecule that gives the xylem more rigidity)
63
Q

Phloem

A
  • Transport products of photosynthesis from leaves to rest of plant
  • Composed of living cells (Sieve elements and companion cells)
64
Q

Sieve cells

A

The tube containing dissolved sugar water

65
Q

Companion cells

A

Pump sugar into the tubes so it’ll go downwards

66
Q

Functions of roots and root-like structures

A
  • Absorbs water and nutrients from soil

- Anchors plant (Plant can grow taller above ground since more water can be transferred more quickly)

67
Q

Advantages of gaining height

A
  • More sunlight

- Spores and seeds can disperse farther

68
Q

What do leaves provide?

A
  • Increased surface area for photosynthesis

- Waxy cuticle to prevent dehydration

69
Q

What are the requirements to be a real leaf?

A
  • Need vascular muscle
  • Be green because there’s chlorophyll
  • If plants have a “plastic” exterior, they live in dry areas. The structure is to keep humidity
70
Q

Characteristics of leaves

A
  • Have stomata for gas exchange

- Guard cells open and close stomata

71
Q

Characteristics of gymnosperms (Phylym coniferophyta)

A

Name means naked seed (naked = not surrounded by fruit)

  • Seed plants
  • Seeds not enclosed in chambers
  • Conifers are well-known gymnosperms
  • Presence of pollen (no more need for water to reproduce)

ex.
Pine seeds –> Microscopic male and female gametophytes
- Pollen –> male
- Seed –> female

72
Q

Charactteristics of angiosperms (Anthophyta)

A

Flower plants

  • Seed plants
  • Seeds develop within ovaries
  • Origninate from flower and mature in fruit
  • Represent 90% of living plant species
73
Q

Structure of a flower

A
  • Sepals
  • Petals
  • Stamen (Anther and filament)
  • Carpel (Stigma + style + ovary (ovary contains one or more ovules))
Stamen = Male part that releases pollen
Carpel = Female part where fertilization occurs
74
Q

Formation of fruit

A
  • After fertilization, seeds develop from ovules
  • Ovary walls thickens into fruit
  • Fruit protects seeds and helps them disperse
  • Seeds dispersed by wind and animals (animals will eat the food and excrete the seed with some natural fertilizer)
75
Q

Order of formation of different types of plants and say what is new to each type.

A
  1. Bryrophytes
  2. Pterophytes (vascular tissue)
  3. Gymnosperms/coniferophyta (seeds/no need for water for reproduction)
  4. Angiosperms (fruits)
76
Q

Characteristics of fungi

A
  • Fungi can be very, very big
  • Most are multicellular, but some are unicellular
  • Heterotophic (Do not eat food, they absorb it from the environment)
  • Secrete hydrolytic enzymes into surroundings to break down molecules to make it small enough to be absorbed
  • 100 000 species are described, 1.5 million may exits

If a fungus is unicellular, it is called a yeast

77
Q

Types of fungi

A
  • Decomposers
  • Parasitic fingi
  • Mutualistic
78
Q

Decomposers

A

Break down and absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material, recycle nutrients

ex. Fallen logs, Corpses, Waste

79
Q

Parasitic fungi

A
  • Absorb nutrients from cells of living hosts

- Some are pathogenic

80
Q

Mutualistic

A

Some termite species have fungi in their gut to help them digest food

81
Q

Body structure of fungi

A
  • Single cells (yeast)
  • Bodies form a network of filaments called hyphae
  • Cell walls of chitin
  • Mycelium
  • Septa
  • Mycorrhizae
82
Q

Hyphae

A
  • Tubular cell walls surrounding plasma membrane and cytoplasm
  • Cell walls of chitin
  • Secrete enzymes to break down molecules to be able to absorb them
  • Some are specialized and them feed on live animals
83
Q

Mycelium

A
  • Interwoven mass of hyphae
  • Structure maximizes surface to volume ration
  • Secrete an enzyme to break down molecules
  • Get more surface area
84
Q

Septa

A
  • Crosswalls that divide hyphae into cells
  • Have pores to let ribosomes, mitochondria, and nuclei flow through
  • Nuclei isn’t very fix so it can move from cell to cell
85
Q

Mycorrhizae

A
  • Mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots
  • Very important in agriculture and nature
  • Most vascular plants have mycorrhizae
  • Grow into plant cells
  • They “extend” the reach of the root
86
Q

Fungus-animal mutualisms

A
  • Some fungi help break down plants in animal gut (ex. Grazing animals, cow)
  • Some ants like leaf cutter ant “farm” fungi (They feed leaves to the fungus so it’ll digest nutrients and grow. The ants will eat a little of the fungi that is full of nutrients)
87
Q

Lichens

A
  • Symbiotic association of Photosynthetic (microorganism (Unicellular or filamentous green algae/cyanobacteria)) and Fungus
  • Photosynthetic cells held in mass of hyphae
  • Grow on rocks, rotting locks, trees

Made from both fungi and photosymbiotic organism

88
Q

White-nose syndrome

A

Fungus that attaches itself to the nose of some bats that killed 90% of bat population in Quebec

Biology 1 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions