procedures_3_-_test_1_20121001024238

Question 2

Electrotherapy indications

Answer 2

pain managementimprove range of motionmuscle contractionrelaxation of muscle spasmsmedication deliverywound healingedema reductionincrease circulationneuromuscular re-educationfracture healing

Question 3

Ohm’s Law formula

Answer 3

I=V/R I=intensityV=voltsR=resistance

Question 4

Types of tissues that are resistors or conductors

Answer 4

Resistors=skin, fat, bone, tendons, and fasciaConductors=nerves, blood, and muscle

Question 5

ways to improve conductivity

Answer 5

cleaning treatment area, shaving, hot pack

Question 6

proton

Answer 6

positively charged particles

Question 7

Electron

Answer 7

negatively charged particle

Question 8

neutrons

Answer 8

neutral particles

Question 9

molecules

Answer 9

2 or more atoms that combined

Question 10

atom

Answer 10

smallest part of an element

Question 11

charged atoms or molecules are called…

Answer 11

ions

Question 12

positively charged ions…

Answer 12

cations

Question 13

negatively charged ions…

Answer 13

anions

Question 14

Current is the rate of flow of charged particles - ions and measured in …

Answer 14

amps

Question 15

many modalities use very low amps called…

Answer 15

milliamps

Question 16

An area of intense charge ….

Answer 16

pole

Question 17

a negatively charge pole is called…

Answer 17

cathode

Question 18

a positively charged pole is called…

Answer 18

anode

Question 19

DC…

Answer 19

Direct current (DC) is defined as the continuous unidirectional flow of charged particles for at least 1 second. DC is also referred to as Galvanic current.

Question 20

What modality uses DC?

Answer 20

Isontopheresis

Question 21

AC…

Answer 21

Alternating current (AC) is defined as the continuous or uninterrupted bidirectional flow of charged particles for at least 1 second. In other words, AC requires the current to alternate between a positive and negative polarity without interruption for at least 1 second.

Question 22

PC…

Answer 22

Pulsed Current (PC) is defined as the unidirectional or bidirectional flow of charged particles for less than 1 second before being interrupted by a brief period of no flow. Unidirectional PC is often confused with DC. Bidirectional PC is often confused with AC. However, PC is distinctly different than DC or AC because the waveform lasts less than 1 second before a period of no flow. most common current used example is TENS.

Question 23

Mono-phasic

Answer 23

Monophasic Waveforms are unidirectional with one phase – either positive or negative.

Question 24

biphasic

Answer 24

Biphasic Waveforms are bidirectional with two phases – one positive and the other negative.

Question 25

polyphasic

Answer 25

Polyphasic Waveforms are composed of three or more phases.

Question 26

Neuron is….

Answer 26

one cell in a chain that makes up a nerve

Question 27

the Cell body

Answer 27

contains the nucleus which holds the genetic DNA material.

Question 28

dendrites…

Answer 28

are branches which function as the antennae of the neuron receiving information from other neurons. “Dendrite” is derived from the Greek word for “tree.”

Question 29

The axon is….

Answer 29

a long, slender nerve fiber which transmits electrical impulses called action potentials to distant sites in the nervous system.

Question 30

Axons form…

Answer 30

connections called synapses with dentrites of other neurons. There is a gap at each synapse between the axon and dendrite called a synaptic cleft

Question 31

Sensory nerves

Answer 31

enter the spinal cord on the posterior or dorsal side of the spinal cord.

Question 32

Motor nerves

Answer 32

enter the spinal cord on the anterior or ventral side of the spinal cord.

Question 33

afferent nerves

Answer 33

Sensory nerves are called afferent nerves since the nerve fibers are ascending from the periphery to the central nervous system

Question 34

efferent nerves

Answer 34

Motor nerves are called since the nerve fibers exit the central nervous system to the periphery. Think of the letter “A” for afferent and ascend (to the brain). Think of the letter “E” for efferent and exit (from the brain).

Question 35

types of nerve fiber

Answer 35

Sensory fibers are afferent fibers that transmit action potentials from the periphery to the central nervous system (Figure 3-5). Sensory nerves are transmitted by Aβ fibers and produce a sensation frequently described as tingling. Motor fibers are efferent fibers which transmit action potentials from the central nervous system to periphery. Motor nerves produce muscle contractions.

Question 36

Pain fibers

Answer 36

are stimulated by pain receptors called nociceptors. Pain fibers are afferent fibers that transmit action potentials from the periphery to the central nervous system to produce a sensation of pain (Figure 3-6). Sharp pain is transmitted by Aδ fibers. δ is the Greek symbol Delta. Dull pain is transmitted by C fibers.

Question 37

amplitude

Answer 37

is the intensity of the current.

Question 38

Amplitude Duration Curve

Answer 38

the patient will experience sensory, motor, and pain in this order as the intensity of the current is increased.

Question 39

The Gate Control Theory was developed by

Answer 39

Melzack and Wall in 1965

Question 40

The Gate Control Theory

Answer 40

The theory is that action potentials from the Aδ & C fibers (pain) and Aβ fibers (touch) both synapse onto neurons called T cells. T cells are located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (Figure 3-8). T cells sum all of the inputs from their dendrites – both inputs about pain and inputs about touch. The T cells then determine which of these inputs should be forwarded to the thalamus in the brain. The thalamus is the sensory relay station of the brain; the thalamus distributes sensory signals to different areas of the brain, which then interpret the sensory signals. This interpretation is affected by psychological factors such as past experiences, emotion, and attention.

Question 41

Endogenous opiates

Answer 41

are types of neurotransmitters that inhibit the perception of pain.

Question 42

carrier frequency

Answer 42

The frequencies on Channel 1 and Channel 2 are called the carrier frequencies.

Question 43

Beat frequency

Answer 43

The difference between these two carrier frequencies is called the beat frequency.