Processing Terms

Question 1

Sanctions

Answer 1

A term referring to a penalty used to reinforce conformity and norms.

Question 2

Gender socialisation

Answer 2

Gender socialisation is the process by which we learn our culture’s gender-related rules, norms, and expectations.

Question 3

Imitation

Answer 3

Describes the way in which an individual copies the behaviour of a role model.

Question 4

Role Modelling

Answer 4

An individual who is respected and looked up to by others.

Question 5

Pester power

Answer 5

Leveraging children’s ability to convince their parents to purchase items in the store

Question 6

Cultural capital

Answer 6

The social assets of a person for example, education, intellect, style of speech, style of dress, social capital, that promote social mobility in a stratified society.

Question 7

Primary socialisation

Answer 7

The process by which an individual learns the basic values, norms, and behaviors that are expected of them by their society.

Question 8

Norms

Answer 8

A socially expected and accepted behaviour.

Question 9

Values

Answer 9

A shared and important belief, for example wealth and health.

Question 10

Language

Answer 10

A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted

Question 11

Traditions

Answer 11

A belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past.

Question 12

Speech codes

Answer 12

The patterns of speech used by different social groups.

Question 12

Formal curriculum

Answer 12

Refers to teaching that happens in schools, following an official curriculum.

Question 13

Hidden curriculum

Answer 13

A Marxist term describing messages covertly taught at school, for example, sexism.

Question 14

Correspondence principle

Answer 14

The correspondence theory is the idea that the norms and values pupils learn in school correspond to the norms and values which will make it easier for future capitalist employers to exploit them at work.

Question 15

Ethnocentric curriculum

Answer 15

A type of educational curriculum that is based on the cultural values and perspectives of a particular ethnic or cultural group.

Question 16

Teacher attitudes and labelling

Answer 16

Labeling theory indicates that society’s assigning of labels to individuals or certain groups can have an effect on their behavior.

Question 17

Setting and streaming

Answer 17

Refer to approaches by which pupils with similar levels of current attainment are consistently grouped together for lessons.

Question 18

Cultural comfort zones

Answer 18

Cultural Comfort Zones refer to shared cultural understanding where individuals feel most comfortable and safe.

Question 19

Peer pressure

Answer 19

The influence of a group or individual on another person to alter their behaviour so they become accepted by a peer group.

Question 20

Collective conscience

Answer 20

The set of shared beliefs, ideas, and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society.

Question 21

Rituals

Answer 21

A set of actions performed mainly for their symbolic value.

Question 22

Hypodermic syringe model

Answer 22

A Marxist term which describes the direct injection of capitalist messages from the media to a passive audience, for example, capitalism.

Question 23

Stereotypes

Answer 23

Categorizing individuals based on their perceived membership in a certain group and making assumptions about their traits, behaviors, and abilities.

Question 24

Objectification

Answer 24

The act of treating a person as an object or a thing.

Question 25

Symbols

Answer 25

Anything that carries a specific meaning recognized by people who share a culture.

Question 26

Banal nationalism

Answer 26

The everyday, often unconscious, ways in which national identity and belonging are reproduced and reinforced through seemingly ordinary cultural practices and objects. It's about the subtle, pervasive symbols and rituals that create a sense of national unity and identity in our daily lives.

Question 27

Exclusive nationalism

Answer 27

A form of nationalism that emphasizes a narrow and exclusive definition of what constitutes a nation, often based on factors like race, language, or cultural homogeneity.

Question 28

Canteen culture

Answer 28

The informal norms, values, and attitudes, often negative and discriminatory, that develop and are shared among individuals within a workplace or organization.

Question 29

Culture

Answer 29

Refers to shared behaviours and beliefs of a group of people and includes material and nonmaterial elements.

Question 30

Material culture

Answer 30

Refers to the physical things that people create and attach emotional meaning to.

Question 31

Non-material culture

Answer 31

Refers to ideas that people share, for example, their rules, traditions, languages and history.

Question 32

Social construction

Answer 32

Any idea which is created and given special meaning to by people.

Question 33

Collectivist culture

Answer 33

These are cultures which tend to emphasise belonging to the group as more important than personal freedom.

Question 34

Individualist culture

Answer 34

These are cultures which tend to emphasise individual freedom and personal gain.

Question 35

Cultural diversity

Answer 35

The differing in cultures, what may seem normal in one culture would be unacceptable in another.

Question 36

Social control

Answer 36

The regulations, sanctions, mechanisms, and systems that restrict the behaviour of individuals in accordance with social norms and orders.

Question 37

Deviant

Answer 37

The breaking of cultural rules, but differs from subcultures.

Question 38

Formal control

Answer 38

Where institutions in society exist to force people to behave, these institutions have the power to punish people severely if the rules are broken.

Question 39

Informal control

Answer 39

It consists of people following unwritten rules such as norms, morals and values.

Question 40

Ascribed status

Answer 40

The social status of a person that is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life.

Question 41

Social change

Answer 41

The differences in the way that people generally think or act.

Question 42

Achieved status

Answer 42

An achieved status is a position in a social group that one earns based on merit or one's choices.