Prod...Anatomy Flashcards
(45 cards)
What is the normal awake blood pressure range for a full term infant?
65-85/45-55 mm Hg
When does the anterior fontanelle normally close? Prior to its closure, what information can be ascertained by palpating it?
- Anterior fontenelle closes between 9 to 18 months of age
- Sunken fontenelle indicates dehydration
- Bulging fontenelle indicates increased intracranial pressure from: hydrocephalus, intracranial hemorrhage, infection or increased PaCO2
Does a fetus form urine while inutero?
YES
A 12 lead EKG of a new born reveals upright T waves in all the chest leads. Is this normal?
YES. The T waves will become isoelectric or inverted in V1-V4 by one week and will return in adolescence (Upright)
Failure for leads V1-V4 waves to invert by one week of age can indicate right ventricular ______.
Hypertrophy
How does the QRS axis appear in an infant?
Right sided until one month of age.
How does the PR interval in an infant compare to that of an adult?
The PR interval is 10 msecs and lengthens with age.
How does the normal resting cardiac output of an infant compare to that of an adult?
- Healthy full term infant has a cardiac output that is about 2-3 times that of an adult
What is the normal range for cardiac output in pediatric patients?
200 - 325 ml/min/kg
What ECG rhythms are considered normal in healthy newborns? Why is this?
- About 50 % of health newborns exhibit ECG rhythms that resemble comple, 2:1, or Wenchebach sinoatrial block.
- This is due to the parasympathetic nervous system that is in control, but after birth the sympathetic nervous system begins to take controls over the next 24 hours.
Preterm infants less than 1000 grams often display hyperkalemia. What is the cause of this?
This is due to the immature distal tubule function and a relative hypoalosteronism.
What is the normal blood pressure range for a 6-12 month old?
80-100/55-65
What is the predominant serum protein in fetal blood?
Alpha Fetoprotein
What is the normal range for the heart rate in a full term, then a six month old, and a one year old.
- Premature is 120-170
- 0 to 3 month old 100- 150
- 3 to 6 month old 90 -120
- 6 to 12 month old 80 -120
- 1 to 3 years 70 - 110
- 3 to 6 years 65 -110
- 6 to 12 years 60 - 95
How does the resting oxygen consumption of an infant compare to that of an adult?
Twice the rate of an adult
How does the presence of fetal hemoglobin affect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve? When does this change normally resolve?
- Causes a left shift
- Usually corrects itself with adult form of hemoglobin within the first week of life.
Infants younger than what post conceptual age have the greatest associated risk for post anesthetic respiratory depression?
< 55 weeks postconceptual age
What is the difference between periodic breathing and apnea of prematurity?
- Periodic breathing consist of pauses of breathing no more than 5 to 10 seconds
- Apnea of prematurity is prolonged pauses of breathing which cause arterial hypoxemia and bradycardia
What is the Hering Breuer reflex?
- Cessation of inspiration
- Develops within the first few weeks of life
What would you expect to be the normal respiratory rate for a newborn? A 6 month old? 12 month old? 5 year old?
- Newborn 50
- 6 month = 30
- 12 month = 24
- 5 years = 24
What is transient tachypnea of the newborn?
-Delay in the removal of fluid through the interstitium, producing a tachypnea that can last between 24 and 72 hours
How does the number of alveoli in a full term infant compare to that of adults?
- full term has 20 million alveoli (The number continues to increase for three month until it matches an adults)
- adult has 300 million alveoli
What is the normal blood pressure range for a 1-3 year old?
90-105/55-70 mm Hg
What is bronchopulmonary dysplasi?
-Respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants
-It involves lung parenchyma that involves hyperplasia of the smooth muscle tissue of the airways, peribronchiolar fibrosis, enlarged alveoli, and abnormalities in the pulmonary vasculature.
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