Professional Issues and Practices Week 1: Introduction Flashcards
explain some history of the APA ethics code
-Founded in 1892
-Produced in 1953 (first code)
-Based on the day to day decisions made by psychologists the practice of their professions, not a prescribed committee
what were the initial 6 categories generated by the APA ethics code
-Ethical standards and public responsibility
-Ethical standards and relationships
-Ethical standards in teaching
-Research
-Writing and publishing
-Professional relationships
what are 5 categories of concern with the code still
Confidentiality
-Still behind in technology
Blurred, dual or conflictual relationships
Payment sources, plans, setting and methods
Academic settings, teaching dilemmas, training
Forensic settings
explain the conflict over state vs. state rules and how it can be good vs. not good
Helps with continuity of care
E.g. different rules and codes among states
-If emergencies happen across state lines, if you do not know where they are or what is around them, how do you know the laws
-If you are practicing across state lines you should know the laws and codes of the state-
what are the five moral foundations
1) Care
-Humans are motivated to care for others and avoid actions that would cause harm or suffering
-We know that we all suffer so much intellectually, but some people have a hard time with this and try to prevent suffering/fix
2) Fairness
-Humans value reciprocity and cooperation in their relationships (The Golden Rule)
3) Loyalty
-Humans are loyal to groups with which they associate and will sacrifice their own interest
-E.g. could lead to someone killing for someone else
4) Authority
-Humans respect and abide by the wishes of higher status individuals
-E.g. common in older generations
5) Sanctity
-Humans value purity, cleanliness, and chastity in their behavior
-E.g. often with religion and religious values-
why are the five moral foundations important
We do not typically make decisions with our sound judgment, we use emotions
what are the different kinds of philosophical systems
virtue ethics, deontological (duty based) ethics, utilitarianism, principle based ethics
what are virtue ethics
Professionals have the right mix of motives, knowledge and power
-integrity, respectfulness
what are deontological or duty based ethics
Primary goal when making decisions is for individuals to fulfill their duties
what is utilitarianism
Moral value is determined by consequences that are involved, lowering consequences
what is principle based ethics
-Probably what we will lean more into in this class, obligations hold unless overwritten by a superior obligation
-Lessen the impact
what are the six conditions of principle based ethics
1) Good reason can be offered to act on the overriding norm than on the infringed norm
-One principle is overriding the other, lessen the consequence
-First basic concern is to do no harm, you will eventually get to the better answer
2) The moral objective justifying the infringement has a realistic prospect of achievement
-Thinking ten steps ahead, how likely is it that this will happen
3) No morally preferable alternative actions are available
-Nothing else you could have done
4) The lowest level of infringement commensurate with achieving the primary goal of the action, has been selected
-Least amount of harm as possible
5) Any negative effects of the infringement have been minimized
6) All affected parties have been treated impartially
what is professional development
developmental process of acquiring, expanding, refining and sustaining knowledge, proficiency, skill, and qualifications for competent professional functioning that result in professionalism
what are the two major aspects of professional development
1) Internal tasks
-Clarifying professional objectives; crystallizing professional identity increasing self awareness and confidence; and sharpening reasoning, thinking, rejecting, and judgment
2) Social/contextual dimensions
-Enhance interpersonal aspects of professional functioning
-Broadening professional autonomy
-As you get further along, you should be behaving with more autonomy
what are the four components of professional development and professionalism
individual variation, contextual factors, interpersonal functioning, and thinking like a psychologist
explain individual variation
-Variability in how individuals develop
-Some are taught, modeled, or facilitated
explain contextual factors
Importance of the training and work environments
explain interpersonal functioning
-Colleagues, clients, administration, others
-Social intelligence
-Ability to understand others and to behave wisely and appropriately in relation to them
Psychological mindedness
-Facilitates insight into oneself and others
explain thinking like a psychologist
-Critical thinking and logical analysis
-Being conversant with and utilizing scientific inquiry and professional literature
-Being able to conceptualize problems and issues from multiple perspectives
-Being able to access, understand, integrate, and use resources
what are the best rules to keep in mind when studying ethics
do no harm and consult
what is the purpose of an ethics code
-To protect the public (main goal)
-Establishing the integrity of a profession
-Education and professional socialization
-Public trust
-Enforcement value
explain the three main parts of the APA ethics code
1) Aspirational principles
-The ceiling, we strive for this
-Answer to a higher authority
-Statements and broadly worded ideals and principles
-Doesn’t attempt to define with precision right or wrong behaviors
2) Enforceable standards
-The things that we should attempt to do; the code does not necessarily say do this vs. not do this, but it talks about all of the things you need to think about
-Describes behaviors required and proscribed
3) Guidelines
-Set of standards working with different groups by the profession
-Bases for remediation
why separate general principles from enforceable standards
-The general principles impact core moral values reflecting the highest ideals of the profession
-The 151 standards are cast in behaviorally specific language and can therefore be enforced by the APA ethics committee and other organizations that adopt the code
what are the general standards in the code
-Resolving ethical issues
-Competence
-Human relations
-Privacy and confidentiality
-Advertising and other public statements
-Record keeping and fees
