Programming Basics

Question 1

Binary

Answer 1

Machine code in 1s and 0s

Question 2

Programming Languages

Answer 2

A middle man to translate computer machine code into a digestable language

Question 3

Low-level vs. high-level programming languages

Answer 3

Low level: C, Assembly (closer to binary code)
High level: Java Python

Question 4

IDE’s (Integrated Development Environments)

Answer 4

We use IDE’s to write code. A place to write, run, and debug code and also convert it to machine code (visual studio code. NetBeans, IntelliJ)

Question 5

Syntax

Answer 5

All programming languages have a set of rules you must follow, at the forefront of those rules is grammar. Grammar in programming = syntax. In order to run smoothly, Syntax for each language must be correct.

Each language must be unique in its Syntax.

Question 6

Print Statement

Answer 6

This is console.log, the output of the code

Question 7

Modulus

Answer 7

Represented with % - allows us to get the remainder of a divisional operation
Done to see if the answer is even or odd

Question 8

Strings

Answer 8

Another way to say text
Anything enclosed by quotation marks is a string

Question 9

Concatenation

Answer 9

Adding strings together

Question 10

Integer vs. String

Answer 10

4 in quotation marks (“4”) is treated as a STRING
4 without quotation marks (4) is treated as an INTEGER

Question 11

Variable

Answer 11

Something that can store information and be referenced and manipulated.

Each variable has a type, name, and a piece of information stored inside of it.

One of the most important concepts in programming is variables. A variable points to a specific memory address that stores a value. Variables are given a name which can be used throughout your code to access that value.

Question 12

Primitive Variables

Answer 12

Integers, Booleans, Floats, doubles, strings and Chars

Question 13

Integer Variables

Answer 13

A variable that can store an Integer value,
Only whole values, it can and will not hold any decimal values

Question 14

Boolean Variables

Answer 14

True or false
Used in conditional Statements

Question 15

Float Variables

Answer 15

Can store up to 32 bits of information (in decimals)

Question 16

Double Variables

Answer 16

Can store up to 64 bits of information (in decimals)

Question 17

String Variables

Answer 17

Text stored in a readable format for the user

Question 18

Char Variable

Answer 18

Stands for character
Can each hold one character
Useful when a programmer wants to read one button press of one character in a string without using a String variable (think keyboard)

Question 19

Limitations of Variables

Answer 19

Integer, Float and double variables can be:
- added
-subtracted
- Multiplied
- Divided
- Modulused

String Variables can be:
-added

Char’s and Booleans’s:
Can’t be operated on

Question 20

Conditional Statements (IF Statement)

Answer 20

If some condition is true, then carry out the instructions located within the IF statements brackets. ELSE do the other thing.

Question 21

Conditional Statements + brackets

Answer 21

Most programming languages use braces/brackets () {}

Whatever is inside the braces will be evaluated as either true or false

If the statement is true, whatever is enclosed inside a set of curly braces directly after the if statement will run

If the information in the bracket is not true, then none of the code will run

Question 22

Else-IF and Else

Answer 22

The else-if statement will only be evaluated if the preceding if (or if-else) statement was bypassed due to it being false

Question 23

Switch Statement

Answer 23

Functionally similar to many else-if statements together

Start with a colon
Each switch statement also includes a default case (else statement)

Question 24

Conditional Statements

Answer 24

Adds variablitly to programming - program runs differently based on user input

if a user does something we want to adapt accordingly

A program without conditional statements would run the same thing every time - really primitive

Question 25

Array’s

Answer 25

Is a list. You can have a list of integers, strings, and even other arrays.
All information in an array is related.

Solves the limitations of Variables.

Question 26

Variable Limitations

Answer 26

Variables are very good at storing singular bits of information, as a result they are UNABLE TO HOLD MORE THAN ONE PIECE OF DATA.

Question 27

Refrencing Arrays

Answer 27

We use indexes, indexes start with 0

Question 28

Creating Arrays

Answer 28

Populate first:
Insert the elements you would like in the array immediately

Populate Later:
Create an array with a specific size, but choose to add elements later

NOTE: Once an array is defined, you can not change its size through conventional methods.

Note: When initializing an array you must determine its type then and there. They all have to be the same type.
ex: String array, integer array, double array, etc.

Question 29

Loops

Answer 29

Statement that is used to run certain instructions repeatedly
Very useful for repeated code

Benefits:
Perform operations many times in a row
able to iterate through arrays and lists
decrease clutter of your code

Question 30

For Loop

Answer 30

Used when you would like to carry out a certain set of instructions numerous times

Consists of 3 parts (depends on language syntax):
- Integer value
- Conditional statement that the integer must reach to exit the loop
- An operation to modify the integer value after the instructions inside of the loop are completed

NOTE: YOU LOOP MUST TERMINATE

Question 31

For Each Loop

Answer 31

Used for iterating through entire arrays and lists
The loop will go through each element in the array and carry out a set of instructions for each value
Useful for performing operations across an entire collection of data

Question 32

While Loop

Answer 32

While loop will continually carry out its instructions while a conditional statement given to it is true
Similar to a for loop, but broken apart
Can sometimes be used to purposely create an infinite loop

Question 33

Syntax Error

Answer 33

Parts in your program where you failt ot meet the programming rules, resulting in an error

Should be caught in the IDE

Question 34

Runtime Error

Answer 34

These errors don’t show until you actually run the code, for example a loop that does not stop, will crash the computer or program since it can’t complete the code

Question 35

Logic Error

Answer 35

The code runs smoothly without runtime or syntax errors, but the result isn’t what you wanted
Often the hardest type of errors to solve- most of the time, the error is unknown to the programmer

The code is working, but it just doesn’t work as it’s intended.

Question 36

3 Types of Errors

Answer 36

Syntax
Runtime
Logic

Question 37

Function

Answer 37

A segment of code that can be easily run by calling the function name
depending on the type of function may do something in return

Can be called numerous times, and in numerous places

Like wrapping code into a present and giving it a name

Question 38

Types of Functions

Answer 38

4 Types
Separated by whether or not they take in arguments
Separated by whether or not they return values

Question 39

Argument: Functions

Answer 39

Variables we pass into a function in order to be manipulated and then either…
Returned back to us
Printed to the console
Used in another operation

A way for programmers to have one function that can do many different things
Add variability to programming
Helps diversity your code

Question 40

Declaring a Variable

Answer 40

Declaring a variable means giving it a name.