Programming, Planning & Practice (Kaplan 2009) Flashcards
(424 cards)
0
Q
A street which carries relatively low traffic and provides access to low-intensity uses which front on it.
A
local access street
1
Q
A form of real estate tenancy in which the lessee has the right to use a piece of property under conditions described in the lease.
A
leasehold
2
Q
A transitional style architecture in the late 16th century, particularly in Italy, characterized by the unconventional use of classical elements.
A
mannerism
3
Q
Lynch’s term for a city’s circulation routes
A
paths
4
Q
A theory suggesting that the land use patterns of some cities are not developed around a single core, but rather around several distinct nodes.
A
multiple nuclei theory
5
Q
Lynch’s term for the central points of reference in a city.
A
nodes
6
Q
The ratio of the gross floor area of a building to the area of the lot.
A
floor area ratio (FAR)
7
Q
A numerical classification indicating the rate at which flame will spread over the surface of a material. Class I materials have the least and Class III have the most.
A
flame-spread rating
8
Q
Construction to resist the spread of fire, as specified in the applicable building code.
A
fire-resistive construction
9
Q
The intersection of two roads at different levels so that vehicles may move from one road to the other without crossing the stream of traffic. Also called interchange.
A
grade separation
10
Q
The rate of slope between two points on a surface, determined by dividing their vertical difference in elevation by their horizontal distance apart.
A
gradient
11
Q
The Medieval architecture of Western Europe from the 12th to the 16th century; characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and daring structural forms.
A
gothic
12
Q
A concept developed by Ebenezer Howard in which all land would be owned by the community, the city would be economically balanced and self-contained, and a permanent belt of farmland would surround the city.
A
garden city
13
Q
A concept of proportion in which a whole is divided so that the ratio of the smaller to the larger part is the same as the ratio of the larger part to the whole. Mathematically, C, B = B, A
A
golden section
14
Q
The intersection of a railroad and a road at the same elevation.
A
grade crossing
15
Q
The most profitable use of a parcel of land.
A
highest and best use
16
Q
The time interval between the arrival of successive buses or trains.
A
headway
17
Q
Land on which buildings have not yet been constructed, but which contains utilities and streets.
A
improved land
18
Q
Serving to reveal or disclose; stimulating interest in order to encourage further investigation.
A
heuristic
19
Q
A logical process in which a conclusion contains more information than the premises on which it is based
A
inductive reasoning
20
Q
A term used by Lynch to describe the ease with which parts of a city can be recognized and organized into a coherent pattern. Also known as legibility.
A
imageability
21
Q
Relationships between activities characterized by frequent interaction.
A
linkages
22
Q
Equal and undivided ownership of property by two or more persons that upon the death of one, interest passes to the survivor(s).
A
joint tenancy
23
Q
The form of modern architecture developed in the 1920s and 1930s, characterized by cubist forms, white surfaces, and large areas of glass and steel windows.
A
international style
24
A part of a highway marked off to carry a single line of moving vehicles.
lane
25
As used by Lynch, a point of reference in a city that cannot be entered into or traversed.
landmark
26
The 18th century social and economic movement, begun in England, that mechanized the productive processes by substituting machine power for hand power.
industrial revolution
27
The social standing one has relative to others, which serves to determine spatial and social order.
status
28
The study of the properties of geometric forms that remain constant when the forms change. This relation exists, for example, in considering inside and outside.
topology
29
An arrangement which tends to bring people together, such as the arrangement of tables and chairs at a sidewalk cafe.
sociopetal
30
An arrangement which tends to keep people apart, such as back-to-back seating in an airline terminal waiting room.
sociofugal
31
Behavior intended to protect a specific territory by means of particular positions, postures, or gestures, such as placing one's coat over the adjacent seat.
spatial defense
32
A theory of urban development which assumes that land uses tend to be arranged in pieces or pie-shaped wedges radiating from the center of the city.
sector theory
33
The shape of an extensive urban area which lacks specific focal points, well-defined routes, or articulated form.
sheet pattern
34
A community in New Jersey, planned by Henry Wright and Clarence Stein, in which superblocks were surrounded by roads, and all pedestrian paths bridged over or passed under the roads.
Radburn
35
A typical pattern of urban development formed by a grid street system with two or more corridors of intense development intersecting at a central core.
rectilinear pattern
36
Separating into component parts; reducing to a simpler form.
resolution
37
The study of human perception of space and environment, including how the use of space relates to environmental and cultural factors.
proxemics
38
A spherical triangle forming a transition between a circular dome and its square or polygonal support.
pendentive
39
Pertaining to architecture having directness of form and economy of materials.
organic
40
Le Corbusier's system of proportioning based on the male human body.
modular
41
A term used by Lynch to describe the ease with which parts of a city can be recognized and organized into a coherent pattern. Also known as imageability.
legibility
42
The unique characteristics of a place which relate to a specific behavior or a particular activity.
behavior setting
43
An architectural style of the 5th century, which employed masonry arches and domes on pendentives.
Byzantine
44
The inherent system in people that causes regular cycles of function or behavior, such as periods of working, sleeping and eating.
biological clock
45
An early 1950s style based on Le Corbusier's crudely fabricated concrete work in which structural and mechanical elements were often featured.
brutalism
46
An architectural style from 19th century France which encouraged the eclectic adaptation of French Renaissance features.
beaux-arts
47
The unit of space between the supporting columns of a building.
bay
48
A theory of urban development that perceives the modern American city as a series of concentric rings around the central business district.
concentric zone theory
49
The architectural development around 1900, centered in Chicago, that was characterized by tall, steen-framed buildings.
Chicago school
50
Overly lavish, decorated architecture from the baroque period in Spain.
churrigueresque
51
The process by which private property is taken for public use under the right of eminent domain, with reasonable compensation paid to the owner.
condemnation
52
The process by which a person acquires, codes, stores, recalls, and decodes information about his or her spatial environment.
cognitive mapping
53
Lawful use of a building or lot that complies with the provisions of the applicable zoning ordinance.
conforming use
54
A housing pattern consisting of rows of units located perpendicular to the street.
end-on pattern
55
Appropriation of private property for public use, together with acceptance for such use by a public agency.
dedication
56
A term used by Kevin Lynch to describe sections of the environment having an identifying character.
districts
57
A logical process in which a conclusion follows necessarily from the premises, as opposed to inductive reasoning.
deductive reasoning
58
The upper part of a Greek or Roman order, comprising architrave, frieze, and cornice.
entablature
59
A preliminary sketch or plan.
equisse
60
The area beyond a city's suburbs, whose residents are generally upper-income commuters.
exurbia
61
An urban pattern in which development occurs along public transit corridors and expressways.
finger plan
62
A form of land ownership in which the owner has absolute title, which can be transferred by sale or bequest.
fee simple
63
Earth that is replaced around a foundation or retaining wall after the concrete forms have been removed.
backfill
64
A line, usually parallel to a property line, beyond which a structure may not extend.
building line
65
A unit of heat energy, which is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Farenheit.
British thermal unit (Btu)
66
A stone guard to prevent damage to a wall; also a freestanding stone post to divert vehicular traffic.
bollard
67
A relatively permanent surveyor's mark of known location and elevation.
bench mark
68
A type of zoning that permits a developer to reduce the minimum lot size below the requirements of the zoning ordinance, if the land gained thereby is preserved as permanent, community open space.
cluster zoning
69
An imaginary line on the ground surface connecting all points of equal elevation.
contour
70
The prevailing or average weather conditions of a place as determined over a number of years.
climate
71
East-west lines, running perpendicular to meridian lines, from which townships are established on government surveys.
baselines
72
A partial obstruction against flow, in a duct or pipe.
baffle
73
A sun break, an architectural shading device for blocking unwanted sun rays.
brise-soliel
74
The process of formulating, organizing, or expressing an element clearly with relation to other parts.
articulation
75
An original model after which something is patterned; a prototype.
archetype
76
A group of arches on columns or pillars, which are either freestanding or attached to a wall.
arcade
77
The aesthetic or pleasurable features of a place or facility.
amenities
78
Able to walk.
ambulatory
79
The separation of an entity into its components, so that it may be examined.
analysis
80
The acquisition of territory by a municipality.
annexation
81
The angle which the sun makes with the horizon.
altitude
82
To summarize; to get to the essence of something.
abstract
83
The violation of the spatial or territorial rights of another, usually by a show of force.
aggression
84
Wedge-shaped blocks used to form an arch or vault.
voussoirs
85
Encroachment on personal space, such as sitting very close to a person on an otherwise empty park bench.
spatial invasion
86
A length of pipe, running under a road or other barrier, used to drain or carry water.
culvert
87
The heat transfer process which occurs when a warm fluid rises, displacing cold fluid which then falls.
convection
88
Hollow and curved inward, such as the inside surface of a hollow sphere.
concave
89
Curved outward, such as the outside surface of a sphere.
convex
90
A waterproof boxlike structure in which construction work can be performed underwater.
Also a pile constructed by pouring concrete into a drilled shaft.
caisson
91
A type of grade-separated interchange used in highway design, named for its shape.
cloverleaf
92
A pattern of land use in which several cities of approximately the same size and population are located fairly close to each other, but have no dominating center.
constellation pattern
93
To set at a slant from the horizontal or vertical.
cant
94
A compound used to seal the joint between two materials or surfaces.
caulking
95
The geographic area from which the participants in an activity are drawn, such as the customers of a shopping center or the employees of a manufacturing plant.
catchment
96
Earth which is removed (cut) and earth which is added (fill) in grading.
cut and fill
97
A legal document which is used to transfer property title from one party to another.
deed
98
A deed restriction which regulates land use, construction materials, appearance, or aesthetic qualities of an area.
covenant
99
The rate at which a given material conducts heat, per inch of thickness.
conductivity (k)
100
Two sheets of glass with an air space between, to insulate against the passage of heat or sound. Also called insulating glass.
double glazing
101
A short road with no outlet, serving only those buildings or properties which face it.
cul-de-sac
102
A dome, hence often a cathedral.
duomo
103
The digging or removal of earth.
excavation
104
The right held by one party to make limited use of the property of another.
easement
105
A platform raised above floor level.
dais
106
The process of controlling, collecting, transporting, and disposing of excess water.
drainage
107
Trees which shed leaves annually, as opposed to evergreens.
deciduous
108
Trees having green leaves throughout the year, as opposed to deciduous.
evergreen
109
A high-speed, multiple-lane highway designed to move traffic smoothly and without interruption. Also called a freeway.
expressway
110
The height above a known point of reference, often taken as the height above sea level.
elevation
111
The gradual wearing away or disintegration of land caused by water, wind, and so on running over its surface.
erosion
112
Removing and/or adding earth in order to bring the ground surface to a specified elevation profile. Also called grading.
earthwork
113
The slightly convexity of a column, used to overcome the optical illusion of concavity that would occur if the column were straight.
entasis
114
The right of the state to take private property for public use, with reasonable compensation paid to the owner.
eminent domain
115
The expected maximum depth of frost penetration in the ground in a given area.
frost line
116
Wood or metal strips used to make a plane surface; also a cavity within a wall or ceiling.
furring
117
A construction procedure in which construction on each phase of a project is begun as its design is completed, without waiting for the completed project design.
fast-tract
118
A horizontal band on a vertical surface, located beneath a cornice, sometimes decorated with relief sculpture.
frieze
119
A high-speed, multiple-lane highway designed to move traffic smoothly and without interruption.
Also called an expressway.
freeway
120
A belvedere or viewing place.
gazebo
121
An amount established in an agreement between an owner and a contractor as the maximum cost of performing specified work.
guaranteed maximum cost
122
A wall resistant to the spread of fire.
fire wall
123
The shape, outling, or configuration of a structure. Also, a mold of wood or other material used to contain wet concrete in the required shape until it hardens.
form
124
The exterior face of a building, usually the front.
facade
125
A pattern of circulation named for its shape, consisting of equally spaced streets running perpendicular to each other.
grid pattern
126
The amount or degree of moisture in an area, a determining element of weather.
humidity
127
Extreme contrast between light and dark in the visual field, which can cause discomfort.
glare
128
The relationships of the sizes of building elements.
proportion
129
The study of the quality, aspects, and perception of beauty.
aesthetics
130
A citadel in an Ancient Greek city, usually on a plateau.
acropolis
131
The horizontal or vertical of a highway.
alignment
132
The science of sound and sound control
acoustics
133
An arena encircled by tiers of seats.
amphitheater
134
The eastern or alter end of a church, usually semicircular plan.
apse
135
A buttressing or supporting structure.
abutment
136
A small room in a library.
carrel
137
The organization of the elements of a building or other work to achieve a desired result.
design
138
An amount included in a construction budget, normally 5 to 10 percent, to provide for unforeseen or unpredictable costs.
contingency allowance
139
The right of an owner to have ingress and egress to and from a property.
access right
140
An underground geological formation through which water flows.
aquifer
141
A pit, usually filled with coarse stone, into which water is conducted for leaching out into surrounding soil.
dry well
142
Federal Housing Administration, founded in 1934 to provide mortgage insurance.
FHA
143
A semicurcular open area, with or without a roof, providing a continuous seat.
exedra
144
A race course bordered by tiered seating.
hippodrome
145
The federal agency concerned with all phases of housing activities.
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
146
An agency which functions in the secondary mortgage market.
Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), GNMA
147
Concrete used for paving which uses crushed granite as the coarse aggregate.
granolith
148
A situation, generally the reverse of normal, in which cold air is close to the ground and a layer of warm air is above it.
inversion
149
The lowest point of the inside of a drain, pipe, channel, or other liquid-carrying conduit.
invert
150
The intersection of two roads at different levels so that vehicles may move from one road to the other without crossing the stream of traffic. Also called grade separation.
interchange
151
Pertaining to symbolic representation of ideas or subjects by means of images.
iconographic
152
A legal claim on property as security for money owed.
lien
153
A minor street which starts at a major street, extends in curvilinear fashion for a short distance, and then returns to the major street.
loop street
154
A surface decoration formed by incised carving.
intaglio
155
A Hawaiian terrace or veranda.
lanai
156
A stone of great size, especially in ancient construction.
megalith
157
A system of circulation channels which covers a large area.
network
158
A building with corridors radiating from a central point, which can be observed by a person located at that point.
panopticon
159
The area over which a city exerts a dominant economic influence.
metropolitan area or region
160
A vertical member between windows or doors.
mullion
161
Paving using crushed stone.
macadam
162
A circulation pattern in which channels spread out from a central point.
radial pattern
163
A plan of a city or subdivision, showing the boundaries of individual properties.
plat
164
The principal inner chamber of a Greek temple.
naos
165
A land use pattern which is developed in a circle or doughnut shape.
ring pattern
166
An open court enclosed by the walls of a building.
patio
167
A device used at an intersection of streets in which all vehicles merge and then diverge at relatively low speeds.
rotary
168
An ornamental garden arrangement.
parterre
169
Zoning a parcel of land different from the surrounding area.
spot zoning
170
A portico used in Greek architecture, often as a covered meeting place or promenade.
stoa
171
A pattern of land use developed in the shape of a star.
star pattern
172
The percentage of total rainfall which is not absorbed in the ground and, hence, runs off. It must be collected in a system of surface and subsurface drains.
runoff coefficient
173
A sewer for carrying away surface rain water, as opposed to sanitary sewage.
storm sewer
174
The minimum distance from the property line into which a structure may not extend.
setback
175
Designing the external physical environment in which buildings and structures are placed.
site planning
176
An underground pipe or drain used to carry off waste matter.
sanitary sewer
177
In urban planning, an outlying community of secondary importance, dependent on a larger city.
satellite
178
The relative measurement of an object, with reference to the dimensions of the human body.
scale
179
Inclination or slant, especially of the ground surface.
slope
180
The process of determining location, form, and boundaries of a parcel of land by measurement, computation, and drawing.
survey
181
An underground pipe or drain used to carry off rain water (storm sewer) or waste matter (sanitary sewer).
sewer
182
A balanced arrangement of elements on either side of a dividing line or plane.
symmetry
183
A very large area of land in which all through traffic is eliminated, but which may be penetrated by cul-de-sacs or minor loop roads.
superblock
184
The division of vacant land into smaller parcels to be used as sites for individual buildings, together with public rights-of-way affecting these sites.
subdivision
185
The soil layer beneath topsoil.
subsoil
186
A road which crosses under another road.
underpass
187
The characteristic visual and tactile quality of a surface.
texture
188
A public service, such as telephone, water, gas, or electricity.
utility
189
An entrance (or exit) passage in a large ampitheater.
vomitorium
190
The configuration of the surface features of an area of ground.
topography
191
A process of public intervention in the development of an existing urban area, in which a public agency acquires ownership of property and administers its resale for development to mainly private owners.
urban renewal
192
The level below which the subsoil is completely saturated with water. Also called the groundwater level.
water table
193
A bridge for carrying a road across a valley.
viaduct
194
Structures or plants which, because of their form and location, reduce wind velocities.
windbreak
195
The legal means whereby land use is regulated and controlled for the welfare of the community.
zoning
196
A law by which a government regulates and controls the character and use of property.
zoning ordinance
197
An open, unoccupied space, other than a court, unobstructed to the sky, on the lot on which a building is situated.
yard
198
An area established by a governing body for a specific use, such as residential, commercial, or industrial.
zone
199
The volume within which a building may legally be placed.
zoning envelope
200
Innocuous background noise used to mask objectionable sounds.
white noise
201
A fictitious temperature assigned to a combination of actual temperature and wind velocity which has the same physiological effect as still air at the wind chill index temperature. It is also known as chill factor.
wind chill index
202
A mud-brick stepped pyramid in Mesopotamian sacred architecture.
ziggurat
203
A street, alley, or other thoroughfare or easement permanently established for passage of persons or vehicles.
way
204
An apartment above the ground floor in a building which has no elevator.
walk-up apartment
205
The general pattern of movement of the water on, under, and above the earth.
water cycle
206
The amount of space, measured in cubic feet or other similar units, occupied by a building or part of a building.
volume
207
The systematic review of a project design to obtain the best value for the money spent, considering first costs, operating costs, and replacement costs.
value engineering
208
Special permission granted to an owner permitting a deviation from zoning requirements normally applicable to the property in question.
variance
209
The study of the relationship between people and the urban environment in which they live.
urban ecology
210
The state of being a harmonious combination of elements.
unity
211
A house containing two separate dwelling units, either side-by-side or one above the other.
two-family house
212
The process by which water vapor escapes into the atmosphere from plants.
transpiration
213
The behavior by which an organism, human or animal, lays claim to an area and defends against members of its own and other species.
territoriality
214
A social group with which an individual has a territorial identification, such as a family, a school, or an entire town.
territorial group
215
A hole drilled into the ground at the site of a proposed structure in order to obtain samples of the subsurface soil for examination and testing in a laboratory. Based on these tests, the soils engineer recommends the type of foundation and the allowable soil bearing pressure.
test boring
216
A road that doubles back on itself with a hairpin curve.
switchback road
217
A specific or characteristic manner of expression or design, in any art, period, or work.
style
218
A graded flow path used in open drainage systems.
swale
219
The methodical evaluation of an activity to determine its basic purposes and how these purposes may be realized most efficiently.
systems analysis
220
The combination of separate elements into an entity, as opposed to analysis.
synthesis
221
A long, narrow commercial development usually located along a highway or major street.
strip development
222
A log showing the types of soil encountered in a test boring and other relevant information.
soil boring log
223
The elevation of a specified point on the ground or on a structure.
spot elevation
224
A common housing pattern in which houses and apartments line both sides of the street.
street-front pattern
225
A required exit which consists of a vestibule and continuous stairway enclosed from the highest point to the lowest point by walls of two-hour fire-resistive construction and which exits into a public way or an exit passageway leading to a public way.
smokeproof enclosure
226
A dwelling unit comprising an isolated structure on its own plot of ground.
single-family house
227
The three-dimensional expanse, generally enclosed by building elements, which accommodates human activity.
space
228
A sociological concept that prescribes the acceptable way an individual should act in specific situations.
role
229
The surface flow of water from an area.
run-off
230
One of a continuous row of houses having a uniform plan and appearance and often sharing party walls.
row house
231
A limitation on the use of property defined by covenant in a deed, by private agreement, or by public legislative action.
restriction
232
Having fire-resistive protection as specified in the applicable building code.
protected
233
Describing a design based on reason, sound judgement, or logical good sense.
rational
234
An indication of position having no dimension or area; the intersection of two lines.
point
235
A legal boundary of a parcel of land.
property line
236
The number of people or families per unit of area.
population density
237
A flat or level surface.
plane
238
A determining factor or characteristic.
parameter
239
An approximately level building area.
pad
240
A designation for a group of several occupancies which have comparable fire safety considerations, and which are therefore grouped together by code.
occupancy group
241
The total number of persons that may occupy a building or portion thereof at any one time.
occupant load
242
A material of which no part will ignite and burn when subjected to fire.
noncombustible
243
The purpose for which a building is intended to be used.
occupancy
244
Space provided for vehicular parking separate from the dedicated street right-of-way.
off-street parking
245
A use for property which is no longer permitted by the zoning ordinance. Unless it is unsafe, such a use is generally allowed to continue.
nonconforming use
246
The boundary line of a lot.
lot line
247
The study of the form or structure of anything.
morphology
248
A building containing three or more dwelling units.
multiple dwelling
249
A system composed of standardized units or sections used for simplified construction or flexibility.
modular
250
Referring to a disability which makes a person unable to walk and therefore confined to a wheelchair.
non-ambulatory
251
A three-dimensional volume that has density and bulk.
mass
252
A written description of the location and boundaries of a parcel of land, in accordance with a system prescribed by law.
legal description
253
The placement of two or more elements close together for comparison or contrast.
juxtaposition
254
The ratio of the area covered by buildings to the total area, expressed as a percentage.
land coverage
255
An inner court open to the sky, but surrounded by a roof.
atrium
256
The school of design established by Walter Gropius in Weimar and Dessau, also its design philosophy. Emphasis was on the merger of art with technology and the functional design which resulted.
Bahaus
257
The temperature of air at which the water contained in the air begins to condense and form dew. It is therefore the temperature at which the air is at 100% relative humidity.
dew point
258
Clay pipe, usually with open joints, used to convey water away from a footing or to disperse liquid in a septic tank field.
drain tile
259
An agency whose function is to stabilize the housing market by purchasing mortgages or providing mortgage money directly.
Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), FNMA
260
The inner enclosed room of an ancient temple.
cella
261
The separation of traffic lanes by the use of islands or dividers.
channelization
262
To develop minute surface cracks in stucco, concrete, or glaze.
craze
263
A type of residential siting in which a series of housing units are grouped closely together and surrounded by open space.
cluster
264
A sievelike device at the entrance to a storm sewer which traps matter that could block the sewer.
catch basin
265
A procedure in which an owner contracts with a construction manager (CM), who is generally responsible for control of a project's time, cost, and quality.
construction management
266
A circular space covered by a dome.
rotunda
267
A circumferential or loop roadway around an urban area or development.
ring road
268
A wall built astride a property line between two adjoining buildings.
party wall
269
The strip of land in which a railroad or highway runs. Also, the right to pass over another's property.
right-of-way
270
The recurrence of design elements in space.
rhythm
271
A slope or incline, as on a roof.
rake
272
A palace.
palazzo
273
Constructed off-site in standardized sections for shipment and quick assembly, such as a prefabricated house.
prefabricated
274
A landscaped strip of ground between a pedestrian walk and a street.
planting strip
275
The triangular face of a roof gable.
pediment
276
A parcel of land.
plot
277
A community of people living in a general area, which can generally support an elementary school.
neighborhood
278
In far eastern architecture, a tower-like structure, often used as a shrine.
pagoda
279
A commemorative shaft, square in section, with a small pyramid on top.
obelisk
280
The location of an object in relation to the points of the compass; also, the ability to locate oneself in the environment with regard to time and place.
orientation
281
The entrance vestibule of a church.
narthex
282
The main longitudinal portion of a church.
nave
283
A repetitive dimension used in architectural design and planning.
module
284
A short, secondary member within a window frame, either vertical or horizontal.
muntin
285
A legal instrument that pledges property as security for a debt.
mortgage
286
A group of cities which adjoin to form an urban region.
magalopolis
287
The most important city of a country, state, or region; or any large, busy city.
metropolis
288
The climatic characteristics unique to a very small area.
microclimate
289
A general climate of a large geographical area.
macroclimate
290
A permanently plastic, waterproof, adhesive material used in sealing joints.
mastic
291
The design and arrangement of natural elements on a site.
landscaping
292
A long-range, overall plan or concept for an area's development.
master plan
293
The rights to the use or control of the air space above a property.
air rights
294
Reflectivity measured as the relative permeability of a surface to radiant energy flowing in either direction.
albedo
295
A building stone which has been shaped and smoothed into a rectangle for use in masonry construction.
ashlar
296
A system of planning and scheduling construction operations which analyzes sequences and durations of time using network diagrams.
critical path method (CPM)
297
An independent living area which includes its own private cooking and bathing facilities.
dwelling unit
298
A continuous, major street, typically two or three lanes in each direction, that connects with expressways at strategic locations.
arterial street
299
A building or a portion thereof used for the gathering together of 50 or more persons.
assembly building
300
A 19th century English movement, led by William Morris, which attempted to revive the hand crafts, as well as the social responsibility of artists. The movement led to the Gothic Revival.
arts and crafts
301
An open-air market or meeting place in a Greek town.
agora
302
In Roman architecture, an oblong building used for public administration, from which early Christian churches evolved.
basilica
303
A set of rules for solving a problem in a finite number of steps.
algorithm
304
A late-19th century style characterized by curvilinear motifs derived form natural forms.
art nouveau
305
A building used for baptismal services.
baptistery
306
A freestanding canopy supported by columns symbolically sheltering an altar, throne, or tomb.
baldacchino
307
Any public way or thoroughfare 10 to 16 feet in width which has been dedicated or deeded to the public for public use.
alley
308
A horizontal angle measured clockwise from north or south.
azimuth
309
A bell tower.
campanile
310
The quality in a design that lacks clarity of meaning, is difficult to classify, or has several possible interpretations.
ambiguity
311
A surface decoration using intricate flowing lines and geometric patterns.
arabesque
312
A street to which minor streets connect and which leads to a major arterial.
collector street
313
Describing cone-bearing evergreen trees and shrubs, such as pine, spruce, fir, and cedar.
coniferous
314
A horizontal plane elevation used as a reference for other elevations in surveying and mapping.
datum
315
The lowest member of an entablature, which extends from column to column.
architrave
316
Construction employing the arch form.
arcuated
317
A consistent, orderly, or pleasing arrangement of the elements of a building or other work.
harmony
318
The type, arrangement, and quality of dwelling units in a given area.
housing
319
The rate of rise or descent of a sloping surface. Also, to remove and/or add earth in order to bring the ground surface to a specified elevation or profile.
grade
320
A beltlike area around a city, reserved for parks, farms, open spaces, and so on.
greenbelt
321
An entrance.
ingress
322
A sacred picture or object.
icon
323
The point at which two streets come together or cross.
intersection
324
A small pavilion, usually in a public space.
kiosk
325
The wedge-shaped top member of an arch.
keystone
326
A window or door blind made of fixed or movable horizontal slats.
jalousie
327
The number of degrees north or south of the equator of a point on the earth's surface.
latitude
328
A structural member placed over an opening and supporting construction above it.
lintel
329
The path described by a moving point having position, direction, and length, but no thickness.
line
330
An arrangement that is neat, efficient, harmonious, and comprehensible.
order
331
The legal power of a government to authorize actions which are in the best interest of the general public.
police power
332
A zoning designation which is used to achieve the cluster concept, including commercial and industrial as well as housing development.
Planned unit development (PUD)
333
The French term for the columns that raise a building off the ground, as used by Le Corbusier.
piloti
334
The restoration or substantial improvement of a building.
rehabilitation
335
The European movement, extending from the 14th to the 17th century, in which classic architecture was reintroduced and became the basis for a new style.
renaissance
336
A type of architecture and decoration which evolved from the baroque style, using a variety of materials to achieve a lavish, very ornamental effect.
rococo
337
Any street or similar parcel of land, at least 10 feet wide and unobstructed to the sky, which is permanently appropriated to the public for public use.
public way
338
A method of research consisting of the identification of a problem, the collection of relevant data, the formulation of a hypothesis and the testing of that hypothesis.
scientific method
339
A form of leasehold in which the owner of a piece of property recovers the capital invested in the property, but retains the use of the property.
sale and leaseback
340
Describing a style of architecture in Western Europe during the 9th to 12th centuries, characterized by the use of heavy masonry, round archs, and barrel vaults.
romanesque
341
A division of urban land, normally private property, which is surrounded by public streets, and which is officially established and recorded.
block
342
Aesthetic equilibrium produced by the proportioning of the elements of a building.
balance
343
A sun-dried clay brick, used in the Southwest.
adobe
344
A process leading to the statement of an architectural problem and the requirements to be met in offering a solution.
architectural programming
345
The suitability of a design for a particular purpose or occasion.
appropriateness
346
A curved structure composed of wedge-shaped elements, used to span an opening.
arch
347
Ascribing human form or attributes to a being or thing not human.
anthropomorphic
348
Construction employing the post-and-beam form, as opposed to the arch form.
trabeated
349
A statement supporting or helping to support a conclusion.
premise
350
The general scheme for the design of a building.
parti
351
The elimination of segregation or discrimination in public facilities by making such facilities available to persons of all races.
integration
352
The total horizontal area within the boundary lines of a parcel of land.
lot area
353
The smallest identifiable parcel of land in a city.
lot
354
The shape of the earth's surface.
landform
355
Lynch's term for linear elements which separate regions and which are not paths.
edges
356
An ecological system, consisting of a community of living organisms and its physical environment.
ecosystem
357
The study of the total pattern of relations between a community or organisms and its environment.
ecology
358
The hierarchical order in a society by which some individuals or groups control others.
dominance
359
Flow from a culvert, sewer, or other channel.
discharge
360
A theory offered as a possible explanation for certain phenomena.
hypothesis
361
Two sheets of glass with an air space between, to insulate against the passage of heat or sound. Also called double glazing.
insulating glass
362
Composed of design elements originally derived from diverse sources or sytles.
hybrid
363
A public body which provides and manages housing, particularly for low-income families.
housing authority
364
An area of land designed for industrial uses and developed as a unit.
industrial park
365
Native.
indigenous
366
Relating to an entity, rather than to its parts; overall.
holistic
367
One of many apartment units contained in a multi-floor building and accessible by elevators.
high-rise apartment
368
Referring to construction in which fire resistance is obtained by using wood structural members of specified minimum sizes.
heavy timber
369
One or more spaces designated for physically handicapped persons, requiring special design and dimensions.
handicapped parking
370
The level below which the subsoil is completely saturated with water. Also called the water table.
groundwater level
371
Removing and/or adding earth in order to bring the ground surface to a specified elevation or profile. Also called earthwork.
grading
372
The elevation of the ground surface after completion of all work.
finish grade
373
The time, in hours, that a material or assembly of materials can withstand exposure to fire.
fire-resistant rating
374
Capable of serving the purpose for which it was designed.
functional
375
Nondiscrimination in the sale, renta, and financing of housing.
fair housing
376
The land surrounding a flowing stream over which water spreads when a flood occurs.
flood plain
377
The length of a lot line along a street or public way.
frontage
378
The extension of a building into the property of another.
encroahment
379
Derived from observation, experience, or experiment, and not based on theory.
empirical
380
A statement, often required by a governmental body, which assesses the environmental impact of a proposed development.
environmental impact statement
381
The study of the interaction between humans and machines.
ergonomics
382
The natural and manmade things, conditions, and influences surrounding a person, community, or place.
environment
383
A continuous and unobstructed means of egress to a public way generally with a minimum width of 44 inches.
exit
384
A two-story apartment or house containing two separate dwelling units, either side-by-side or one above the other.
duplex
385
A fictitious temperature which would produce the same physiological effect as the combined effects of temperature, humidity, and air movement.
effective temperature
386
Referring to a design that derives from a wide range of diverse sources or influences.
eclectic
387
The statistical study of human populations, such as births, deaths, marriages, and so on.
demography
388
A circulation pattern comprised of curves, which closely follows the contours of the land.
curvilinear pattern
389
A clause in a deed which places limitations or conditions on the use of a property.
deed restriction
390
The amount by which the average outdoor temperature at a particular location is below 65 degrees Farenheit for one day. It may be summed and stated for a month or year.
degree day (dd)
391
A housing pattern in which units face into a common open space.
court pattern
392
Standards or rules by which something is tested.
criteria
393
The uncontrolled human contact that results from an absence of physical, social, or psychological barriers, characterized by a lack of privacy.
crowding
394
The topmost section of an entablature.
cornice
395
A space, open and unobstructed to the sky, located at or above grade, and bounded on three or more sides by the walls of a building.
court
396
An apartment building owned by a corporation in which shares are sold, entitling the shareholders to occupy dwelling units in the building.
cooperative
397
The flow or movement of people, goods, or vehicles from place to place.
circulation
398
The quality in a design of being appropriate, harmonious, or exhibiting an agreeable arrangement.
congruity
399
The combination of thermal and environmental conditions within which a human is comfortable, often shown on a psychometric chart.
comfort zone
400
The difference of elevation between adjacent contour lines.
contour interval
401
A use not strictly allowed in zoning ordinance, but permitted if specified conditions are met and if approval is granted by the local governing body.
conditional use
402
An apartment building in which the dwelling units are individually owned.
condominium
403
A periodic enumeration of the population, including details of age, sex, occupation, and other data.
census
404
The net ground area of a lot which can be covered by a building after required setbacks and other zoning limitations have been accounted for.
buildable area
405
The core of a city, containing the main concentration of stores, offices, and services.
central business district (CBD)
406
A code regulating the design and construction of buildings, adopted and enforced by a government agency.
building code
407
A fictitious temperature assigned to a combination of actual temperature and wind velocity which has the same physiological effect as still air at the chill factor temperature. It is also known as wind chill index.
chill factor
408
The maximum number of vehicles per lane that can pass a given point in one hour under ideal conditions.
capacity
409
In surveying, a direction stated in degrees, minutes, and seconds as an angular deviation east or west from due north or south.
bearing
410
An imaginary principal line along which forms are arranged or organized. Often, an axial line bisects a form, resulting in symmetry.
axis
411
Having no environmental barriers, thereby permitting free access and circulation by the handicapped.
barrier-free
412
The process of absorbing or incorporating an element into an established design system.
assimilation
413
A road or path reserved for bicycle traffic.
bikeway
414
The lowest part of a structure.
base
415
An excavated, level terrace in a slope used to collect running water.
bench
416
A style of European architecture developed in the late Renaissance in reaction to classical forms, characterized by elaborate curves, scrolls, and ornamentation.
baroque
417
Describing cement, mastic, or roofing material which contains asphalt as a principal ingredient.
bituminous
418
A bank of earth, often piled up against a wall.
berm
419
A hole through which a person can enter a sewer, pipe, conduit, and so on for inspection, repair, or maintenance.
manhole
420
A description of property boundaries expressed by directions (bearings) and distances, starting from a known reference point.
metes and bounds
421
An assembly of sloping, overlapping slats, fixed or adjustable, which excludes rain but admits air and/or light.
louver
422
A superstructure on a roof, dome, or tower, glazed along its sides, which admits light to the area below.
lantern
423
A pattern of land use which develops along a line, such as a highway or river.
linear pattern
