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Progressive Era Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Gilded Age?

A

1870s and 1880s

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2
Q

What were the major points during the Gilded Age?

A

US as world’s main industrial power
Industrialists and finacnciers formed trusts
Robber Barons
Criticism of unfair practicces and poor worker freatment

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3
Q

Who founded Standard Oil cCOmpany and when?

A

Rockefeller in 1867

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4
Q

What did the Standard Oil Act do?

A

Controled 90% of US oil refining and alost hte entire petrolum industry
Other industries followed this example

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5
Q

Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 had what kind of impact for a decade after its passage?

A

little

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6
Q

What caused the Panic of 1893?

A

Overspeculatoin during 1880s

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7
Q

What happened in the Panic of 1893?

A

Banks, RRs, and other companies failed
Unemployment, homelessness, and financial ruin
Refrom minded Americans began to organize

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8
Q

Whats the overview of Progressivism?

A

Making progress
Variety of organizaton and interests
not a cohesive movement
3 broad catagories: social,, economic, political reform

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9
Q

What were local changes?

A 
highschools
laygrounds
less corruption
better sewage
beautification
settlement houses
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10
Q

What were state changes?

A 
reduced overcrowded
safety measures in factories
workers compostions
restricted child labor
minimum wage
EX: WI and La Follette
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11
Q

Women became more involved in what?

A

social and political causes
Mainly middle and upper class
Aimed causes at lower class to increase moral behavior
Ex: YWCA and National Consumer League

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12
Q

What are muckrakers?

A

Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices
Termed by TR
Works were published in popular magazines
Ex: Riis, Steffens, Tarbell, Baker

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13
Q

Who was Jabob Riis?

A

Photographed ad wrote about the conditions in tenaments and factories and on the streets
How the other half lives (1890)
Set the stage for Progressive urban reformers

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14
Q

Why did Immigrants come to America?

A

job oppurtunities and relgigous freedom

Mainly southern and eastern europe and jewish

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15
Q

How were immigrants treated in AMerica?

A

ethnic enclaves in large cities
poor conditions
faced prejudice and discriminaiton

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16
Q

Who founded the Hull House in Chicago and when?

A

Jane Addams and Stair

1889

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17
Q

What was the hull house?

A

a community center for the poor
settlement home
offered classes, concerts, lectures, clubs
Hull House workers lived in hte community

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18
Q

What was seen as the root of urban problems?

A

economc desperation

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19
Q

Were most relief programs private or public?

A

private

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20
Q

Who replaced volunteers in charities and relief programs?

A

paid case workers

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21
Q

Tensions rose between charities and who?

A

settlement houses

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22
Q

When did chartices and settlement houses work toward a common goal?

A

1900

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23
Q

What were the bad things about tenaments?

A

poor sanitation
fire hazord
lack of basic comforts
moral indecencies

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24
Q

When was the Tenament house Act?

A

1901

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25
What did Taylorism increase?
automation
26
Who was the first managemtn consultant?
Fredrick Taylor
27
What did a manager consultant do?
help companies maximize worker efficiency
28
What resulted from manager consultants?
workers and managers complained of less autonomy | did not offer workerslog term economic success
29
What were the cons of being a factory worker?
``` growing enployment insecurities fear of injury or death at work assembly line workers get paid by the task women and children paid less very few blacks workers began to organize ```
30
What were sweat shops?
``` factories with terrible working conditions, low wages, long hours homebased piecework garment and cigar industires worked by immigrants mostly women and some children ```
31
How many under 16 year olds had jobs in 1900?
1.75 million
32
Who campained agaist child labor ad higher adult wages?
Progressives
33
Who were advocates for antichild labor?
Mother Jones Children's Crusade National Child Labor Committee US Children's Bureau
34
When did the National Child labor committee begin?
1904
35
Which states had CHild labor laws?
Northern
36
Who photographed childrens' labor?
Hine
37
When was the Fair Labor Standards Act passed?
1938
38
Why did the triangle shirtwaist fire hapen?
locked doors highly flamible materials no extinguisher few exits
39
When was the triangle shirtwaist fire?
March 25 1911
40
How many died from the triangle shirt waist fire?
146 | mainly immingrant young women
41
What was the result of hte traingle shirtwasit fire?
led to public outcry | increased legislation for safety meaures
42
Who founded the National Consumers League?
Florence Kelley 1899
43
What was the National Consumers League?
Run primarily by women Pushed for fair and humane manufactoring of consumer products Advocated for state and natonal minimum wage and max work hour laws
44
WWhat program was the Nationa Cnsumer League beginning?
White Label
45
What court case was with the National Consumers League?
Muller v. Orgeon (1908)
46
Why did groups of workers organize?
to negotiate with employers
47
Industrial unins at the turn of the 20th century tended to be what?
more radical IWW
48
Why did labor unions emerge?
As a response to mid 1890s economic depression
49
When was the Pullmen Strike?
1894
50
What caused the pullman strike?
pullman company cut wages but did not lower rents
51
Who joined the American RR union?
Pullman workers
52
What happened during hte Pullmen strike?
Strike shut down the passanger RR systems Federal intervension led to violence, 34 dead Government broke the strike
53
Who was Samuel Gompers?
President of American Federation of Labor (AF of L) Established collective bargaining procedures Stressed workers benifits in exchange for union dues
54
How radical was teh AF of L?
less radical than other unions
55
What was the Good governemtn movement?
``` progressives aimed to increase transparity and honesty in city government Reduce influence of immigrants and working class in the city ```
56
What were direct primaries?
aloows voters, not party leaders or boses, to directly choose canadates La Follette of WI WI adopted first direct primary law in 1903
57
Who was Lincoln Steppens?
``` Muckraker who exposed govt corruption Articles in McClures The Shame fo the Cities (1904) Uncovered direct evidence of graft Increased public outrage ```
58
What is an initiative?
citizens vote on a proposed state law
59
What is a referendum?
Citizens vote on an exsisting law
60
How did Progressives view state legislators?
corrupt | beholder to wealthy business interests
61
Who became the first state to enact both initiative and referendum and when?
SD | 1898
62
What was the 17th ammendment?
THe people vote for the Senetes | 1913
63
Who chose the senetes before f17th ammendment?
state legislators | there was corruption, bribery, and deadlocks with that
64
Who wrote, THe Treason of the Senate?
Phillipps
65
What did women suffrage include?
toward more democratic govt
66
What was formed for women suffrage in 1890?
NAWSA
67
More women served as what kind of leaders?
progressive
68
When was the 19th ammendment passed and what was it?
1919 | Women suffrage
69
What are the examples of women progressive leaders?
Anthony Catt Paul
70
What was the Temprace Movemnet?
alcohol was felt to be undermining society's moral fabric | Wanted to ban alcohol
71
What groups formed for the Temprace Movement?
WCTU | Anti Saloon League
72
What did hte Temprace Movement target?
immigrants | corrupt politicians
73
What was Morality Policing?
Moral improvemnts for immigrants, working class, and the young
74
What did the Morality Policy target?
leisure activities like jazz ad ragtime rules against immoral dancing whites thought the music had too much black culture
75
What was the Eugenics Movement?
Believed that those with inferior genes hreated the nations future sought to curb reproduction of inferior and support reproduction of superior Supported by Progressives
76
How many states enacted the Eugine Laws?
8
77
When were the Eugine Laws waned?
after WWII
78
What did reforms focus on?
poor whites and european immigrants
79
What kind of jobs did blacks have?
menial Jim Crow Laws in the South Ineligabe for noth factory jobs Worked as domestics or day laborers
80
What did the steryotypical reformer look like?
Middle class whites highly racist
81
What were blacks forced to do?
organize thier own reforms and goups | Ida Wells
82
Who is Booker T Washington?
``` Founded Tuskegee Institute Promoted educational oppurtunities Allied with prominant whites Believe white support was needed to get ahead African American ```
83
Who is W.E.B. Du Bois?
Strongly against segregation and discrimination Wrote aritcles and books and published other blacks works Challenged backs to stand up against dominant cultures African American
84
Who was president william McKinley?
``` Elected in 1896 Foreign affairs in first term Won 1900 election on prosperity platform Supported rapid industiralization and trusts Then changed his view on trusts Assassinated in 1901 ```
85
Who was president TR?
Considered a liability by Republican party leaders Disliked excessive corporate power and potiental violence of working class Believed wealthy should help the poor Increased fed govt role in regulation Only opposed monopolies that were against public interests Popular
86
What was TR's Square Deal?
``` Increased regulation of business Workers right to organize 8 hour workdays pure food and durg laws Income and nheridance taxes on wealthy ```
87
How many times did TR use Sherman Antitrust act in law suits?
40 law suits
88
What set max RR rates and strengthened ICC?
Hephburn ACt
89
How did TR see America's landscape?
central to democratic spirit | natural resourses were vital to economic, political strenght
90
Who did resorces belong to?
The public
91
When did US Forest service start?
1905
92
When did the Antiuilties Act start?
1906
93
Who is Ida Tarbell?
``` Teacher and Muckraker Hitory of Standard Oil Company (1904) Exposed monopolistic business practices Contributed to public outrage and support for antitrust legislation inspired other muckrakers ```
94
What was the timeline for the Coal Strike of 1902?
``` May: PA mine workers struck over wages and safety Threatened coal availibility June: TR ordered investigation October: no progress; TR meeting Public support grew Morgan's commisison Strike ended late Oct Increased union membership ```
95
What book did Upton Sinclair write and why?
The Jungle (1906) Harsh critism of meat packing industry in chicago Public more concerned with meat than worker conditions meat sells cut in half abroad
96
Why was the Food and Drug Legislator, Meat Inspection Act (1906), and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) put in place?
in response to Sinclair's the Jungle | public outrage over unsafe and unsanitary food
97
What was the Panic of 1907?
``` Reseccion began in 1906 severe economic crisis NYSE plunged 50% Runs on banks Knickerboxer TRust Company collapsed ```
98
What was the major impacts of the Panic of 1907?
Unemployment Bankrupts Production imports fell JP Morgan and others personally contributed money
99
What was the Federal Reserve Act?
Responce to Panic of 1907 Gave control to National Monentary Commission and banking system 1913
100
What happened with the election of 1912?
Taft won 1908 Split in Republican Party; Conservatives and Progressives (Bull Moose) led by TR Democrat Wilson won
101
What did the progressive era set precedents for?
governmental protectons against unchecked capatilism

► US History (46 decks)

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