Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cartography > Projections and Graticules > Flashcards

Projections and Graticules Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Latitude

A

The angular distance north or south of the equator
A measure of distance, not a place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Great Circle

A

A plane that cuts the Earth in half
Equator
Infinite number as long as the go thru the center (all lines of longitude)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Small Circle

A

A plane through the Earth but not in half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Parallel

A

Specific small circles parallel to the equator
Parallels are NOT latitudes
A specific “place” not a distance
Infinite number of parallels
Decrease with high latitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Longitude

A

The angular distance east to west of the Prime Miridian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prime Meridian

A

Line of longitude setting 0 for east-west
Thru Greenwich

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Meridian

A

A line joining all points that have the same longitude
All great circles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Graticules

A

The grid formed by parallels and meridians
Converge at right angles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Shortest distance on a sphere

A

an arc of a great circle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Azimuth

A

Direction on a globe (sphere)
Angle measured clockwise from true north-south line and great circle path

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Loxodrome/Rhumb Line

A

A line of constant bearing (compass direction)
Eventually leads you to a pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4 phases to map projection from reality

A

Geoid
Ellipsoid (reference)
Nominal, reference globe
Map Projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Projection

A

Method of representing data from a curved surface onto a flat plane
Systematic and orderly method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

General projection errors to graticules

A

Tearing
Compression
Shearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4 Projection Distortion Properties (sort of classifications)

A

Equivalence
Conformal
Equidistant
Azimuthal
Composite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Map Projection Distortion Properties: Equivalence

A

Area
Preserve area, distort shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Map Projection Distortion Properties: Conformal

A

Shape
actually local angle, not exactly shape
True-Shape, scale is the same in all directions about point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Map Projection Distrotion Properties: Equidistance

A

Distance
Distance is true along standard parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Map Projection Distortion Properties: Azimuthal

A

Distance is correct only from the center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Composite Map Projections

A

Combines elements of other projection properties to minimize errors
Its a compromise
Distorts everything a little

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Map Projection Classes/Geometry
(Developable Surfaces)

A

Conic
Cylindrical
Azimuthal (Planar?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Classifications of Projections
Map projections can be defined by their…?

A

Distortions (equidistant, conformal, etc)
Class/Geometry (Conic, cylindrical, etc)
Point of Secancy
Aspect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cylindrical projection at equatorial aspect

Study These Flashcards
A

Parallels and meridians are straight lines
Meridians are orthogonal to parallels and uniformly spaced

24
Q

Conic projections in the polar aspect

Study These Flashcards
A

All parallels are concentric arcs of circle
Meridians are straight lines, perpendicular to every parallel and uniformly spaced

25
Azimuthal in polar aspects
All parallels are circular Meridians are straight lines, uniformly spaced
26
Cylindrical projection common use
Entire world
27
Conic projection common limitation/use
Can only show one hemisphere
28
3 types of azimuthal projections
Orthographic Stereographic Gnomonic
29
Orthographic projection (azimuthal)
The light source is an infinite distance Used for perspective view of hemispheres Distorts area and shape
30
Stereographic projection (azimuthal)
Light source is antipode Specific purpose of maintaining shape (conformal) Useful for areas extending equally in all directions (Asia)
31
Gnomonic projection (azimuthal)
Light emanates from center of globe Displays all great circles as straight lines
32
Pseudo-cylindrical or conic projection
Meridians are arbitrarily curved Primary accuracy is usually only preserved along standard parallel
33
Map projections compromise between...
Conformality, equivalence, and equidistance
34
Developable surfaces
A surfaces that can be flattened out without tearing or distortion
35
Standard line/parallel/point
The point or line that is correct on a projections Distortion increases the further you go from these areas
36
Area of least deformation
Areas of minimum distortion surrounding the standard parallel or point
37
Map Projection Classification: Secancy vs Tangency
does the developable surface touch the globe as a point secancy or point of tangency
38
Secant case
the developable surface for projection intersects the globe, there are two standard lines Distortion decreases both inward and outward from standard lines Least distortion at points of contact Transverse Mercator
39
Tangent case
The developable surface for projection touches the globe, only one standard line Distortion increases as globe curves, away from tangent point
40
Map Projection Aspect
The direction of the projection's plane orientation Normal Polar Equatorial Transverse Oblique Choice of aspect is informed by location and orientation of focus area
41
Transverse Aspect
Line of tangency oriented along meridian rather than equator Developable surface on its side (compared to normal) Great circle formed by a pair of opposing meridians
42
Oblique Aspect
Developable surface is angled (compared to normal) Standard point/parallel is not poles or equator
43
Equatorial Aspect
Developable surface is placed so north-south is up-down
44
UTM
Universal Transvers Mercator Secant case Projected coordinate system Conformal
45
UTM x-axis
North Hemisphere @ equator South Hem @ 10mil meters from equator
46
US UTM Zones
10 - 19 for lower 48 1 - 10 for Alaska 4 and 5 for HI
47
State Plane
Projected coordinate system uses feet but sometimes meters? N-S and E-W are perpendicular 120 zones Small Zones = Higher accuracy
48
3 Projections used for State Plane
All conformal Lambert Conformal Conic (E-W) Transverse Mercator (N-S) Oblique Mercator (some of Alaska)
49
State Plane: False Easting
Moves Y axis westward so all X values are positive Lambert - 600k meters west of CM Mercator - 200k meters west of CM
50
Tissot's Indicatrix
Quantifies and visualizes map distortions Uses uniform circles to illustrate linear, angular, and areal distortions
51
3 Primary Factors in Picking a Projection
Shape of the area Location and Orientation of the area Purpose of the map
52
Possible purposes to chose Conformal projection
Maps that preserve shape Measuring angles Showing accurate location directions Representing the shape of an area Topographic, cadastral, navigation, military
53
Possible purposes to chose Equivalence projection
Maps that preserve area Density of an area (Population) Spatial extent (Land Use) Quantitative measure by area (GDP by country)
54
Possible purposes to chose Azimuthal Equidistant projection
Maps that preserve scale* Airline distances Seismic maps Cost based on straight line distance *Scale only preserved from standard point
55
Possible purposes to chose Azimuthal projection
Maps that preserve direction

Cartography (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions