The Geographic and Cartographic Framework

Question 1

4 Limitations of Maps

Answer 1

Abstraction & generalization
Scale
Projection
Spatial relationships

Question 2

Scale Ratio

Answer 2

Map size to real-world size
Representative fraction

Question 3

Verbal Scale

Answer 3

Words - 1 inch to 16 miles

Question 4

Graphic Scale

Answer 4

Scale bar
Should not be more precise than the map
Works better for print than other scales

Question 5

Large scale

Answer 5

shows less area, greater detail

Question 6

Small scale

Answer 6

shows larger area, less detail
larger denominator in the ratio

Question 7

Data Compilation: 2 types of data

Answer 7

Base data
Thematic/primary data

Question 8

Internal Base Data

Answer 8

Geographic info of the mapped area itself
Often called the “base map”
Administrative boundaries, place names, water bodies, transportation routes, etc

Question 9

External Base Data

Answer 9

Data with an explanatory function
Title, legend, scale, North arrow, grid, text

Question 10

Sources of primary/thematic data

Answer 10

Field studies
Imagery/air photos
Stats
Published maps
Data portals
Interviews

Question 11

How many themes should be illustrated on a map

Answer 11

one (1)

Question 12

Generalization

Answer 12

Reduction of detail to enhance the point of your map through the selection, simplification, and symbolization process

Question 13

Selection

Answer 13

Part of generalization.
Choosing categories of data to be presented
Choosing the amount of information

Question 14

Simplification

Answer 14

Part of generalization.
Smoothing, grouping, classification, exaggeration, displacement

Question 15

What to display on the map: Tables/Numbers or Spatial Distribution

Answer 15

Spatial distributions shown with symbols are more visually effective than just numbers

Question 16

Phenomena

Answer 16

Features and attributes of the real world being mapped

Question 17

Data

Answer 17

facts gathered by measuring, counting, calculating, or derivation
Portrayed on maps

Question 18

What do maps display? Phenomena or Data

Answer 18

Data (spatial data)

Question 19

Matching Data and Symbols: Levels of Measurment (classifications)

Answer 19

1. Nominal - qualitative, lowest level of info
2. Ordinal - order/rank, qualitative
3. Interval or Ratio - quantitative

Question 20

Jacques Bertin’s 4 levels of visual variables

Answer 20

Selective
Associative
Ordered
Quantitative

Question 21

Bertin’s Visual Variables: Selective

Answer 21

Allows us to immediately isolate a group of signs based on a change in the variable
Everything except size

Question 22

Jacques Bertin: Visual variables (not levels)

Answer 22

Position
Size
Shape
Value
Hue
Orientation
Texture

Question 23

Bertin’s Visual Variables: Associtative

Answer 23

Allows grouping across changes in the variable
Shape especially
Position and Hue
Sometimes Orientation
Size = Dissociative

Question 24

Berin’s Visual Variables:
Ordered

Answer 24

Variables have an immediate recognizable sequence
Position, size, value
Sometimes Texture

Question 25

Bertin's Visual Variables: Quantitative

Answer 25

Allows an estimation of the actual numerical difference between symbols Size Estimation, not percise *Differences in magnitude are NOT immediatley perceptible with out looking at a legend

Question 26

Patterns as a visual variable

Answer 26

Manipulating shape or orientation creates patterns Controlled by arrangement and texture

Question 27

Redundant Symbolization

Answer 27

Combining visual variables to provide redundancy within a symbol More common in bivariate mapping

Question 28

Visual Variables for Data Uncertainty

Answer 28

Transparency Crispness Resolution (good for transitional areas too)

Question 29

3 general types of symbols (not point/line/area)

Answer 29

Pictorial Associative Abstract

Question 30

3 Types of Cartographic Errors

Answer 30

Source Errors Processing Errors Cartographic Design Errors

Question 31

Cartographic Errors: Source Error

Answer 31

Found in data collection Scale, projection, accuracy

Question 32

Cartographic Errors: Processing Error

Answer 32

Results from the cartographic transformation of data Rounding, interpolation, classification

Question 33

Cartographic Errors: Cartographic Design Errors

Answer 33

Wrong thematic types symbolization, use of color, generalization