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Prokaryotes > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells have a plasma membrane?

A

All cells, Prokaryote and Eukaryote

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2
Q

What types of substances does the plasma membrane allow to enter and exit?

A

It allows low molecular weight (small sized) substances (such as water) to get in and out depending on their concentration within the cell and outside of it.

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3
Q

What are the three functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  • It holds the organelles inside of the cell
  • Allows some substances to come and go (oxygen and water molecules), but does not allow other things to get inside or leave.
  • It regulates the flow of nutrients in the cell.
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4
Q

How do substances enter and exit the plasma membrane by using a concentration gradient? Does it require energy ?

A

This is called diffusion, and does not require the cell to expend any energy.

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5
Q

What would happen if a substance ruptured the plasma membrane?

A

Any substance that can rupture the plasma membrane will kill the whole organism

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6
Q

What types of substances would rupture the plasma membrane?

A

Alcohol, soaps, and other detergents easily rupture the plasma membrane.

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7
Q

Is the plasma membrane impermeable, semipermeable, or omnipermeable?

A

The plasma membrane is semipermeable

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8
Q

What type of solution is salty water?

A

Hypertonic solution

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9
Q

Will the concentration of salt outside the cell be higher or lower than the concentration inside the cell

A

Hypertonic solution will have higher concentration of salt outside the cell

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10
Q

What type of solution is pure water?

A

Hypotonic solution

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11
Q

Will the concentration of salt outside the cell be higher or lower than the concentration inside the cell?

A

Hypotonic solution will have higher concentration of salt inside the cell

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12
Q

Which way will water diffuse if a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water will diffuse into the cell and make it pop

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13
Q

Which way will water diffuse if a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

Water will diffuse out of the cell and make it shrink

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14
Q

What type of solution has the same amount of salt inside the cell and outside the cell?

A

Isotonic solution

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15
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

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16
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.

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17
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer in a plasma membrane?

A

Two layers of a compound consisting of phosphates and lipids (fats). The outer and inner sides of the membrane are water soluble, and the area between is not water soluble.

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18
Q

What gives the plasma membrane semipermeability, which allows it to take in certain substances and keep out other substances?

A

the phospholipid bilayer

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19
Q

What are lipoproteins and what is their purpose in the cell membrane?

A

Lipoproteins are made up of fat and proteins and are found in the plasma cell membrane. They are special proteins that can transport larger molecules like sugars into the cell.

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20
Q

When lipoproteins transport molecules, what kind of transport is this called?

A

Active transport because it requires some energy in the form of ATP.

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21
Q

Gram negative organisms have what type of cell membrane?

A

They have an inner and outer plasma membrane separated by a cell wall. The cell wall is thin, and made of peptidoglycan.

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22
Q

Gram positive organisms have what type of cell membrane?

A

They have only one plasma membrane inside of its cell wall. The cell wall is thick, and made of peptidoglycan.

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23
Q

What is the difference between gram negative and gram positive organisms?

A

Gram Positive has a thicker cell wall compared to the gram negative.

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24
Q

In a gram-negative organism what does the outer plasma membrane contain? And what is it made of?

A

Lipopolysachharide (LPS) which is made of lipids (fats) and many sugars (polysachharides).

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25
Q

What are O antigens?

A

The string portion of LPS in Gram negative bacteria.

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26
Q

What are K antigens?

A

The capsule of bacteria that have capsules

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27
Q

What are H Antigens?

A

The flagella of bacteria that have flagella

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28
Q

What is the endotoxin in the LPS called?

A

Lipid A.

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29
Q

What has a more complex cell wall bacteria or humans?

A

More complex in Prokaryotes (bacteria) than in Eukaryotes (humans).

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30
Q

What keeps an organism from exploding from osmotic shock?

A

The rigidity of the cell wall keeps the organism from exploding from osmotic shock. Humans do not have cell walls.

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31
Q

What can only be found in bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan is only found in bacteria.

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32
Q

What is the only bacterium that does not have a normal cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma (causes TB or leprosy, depending on the species) is the only bacteria without a normal cell wall (its cell wall is 60% waxy).

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33
Q

Is Mycoplasma gram negative or positive?

A

It is neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative. It is called “Acid-fast” because it takes an acidic stain to color it.

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34
Q

What does a peptidoglycan consist of and what are they linked by?

How are the sugars arranged?

A

Consists of a chain of two types of sugars (NAM and NAG) linked by proteins.

The sugars are arranged in this order: NAG-NAM-NAG.

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35
Q

What is peptidoglycan also known as?

A

Peptidoglycan is also known as the murein layer.

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36
Q

What is a bacterial cell wall made up of?

A

made up of polymer of:
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

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37
Q

What are the two polymers connected by?

A

NAM is connected to NAG via a beta 1,4 linkage

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38
Q

What breaks down the beta 1, 4 linkage?

A

Lysozyme enzymes break the beta 1,4 linkage.

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39
Q

How does penicillin kill bacteria?

A

Prevents cell wall synthesis

Prevents amino acid linkage (peptide bond formation)

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40
Q

What results in Gram positive organisms when penicillin is taken?

A

Protoplast (cell wall dissolves away)

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41
Q

What results in Gram negative organisms when penicillin is taken?

A

Partially lose cell wall, becomes a spheroplast (round cell)

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42
Q

What happens to cells that become a protoplast or spheroplast?

A

Osmotic pressure occurs and the cell bursts and dies

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43
Q

Which Gram type bacteria has less (thinner) peptidoglycan?

A

gram negative

44
Q

Which Gram type bacteria have an inner and outer plasma membrane?

A

gram negative

45
Q

Where is the outer plasma membrane located?

A

External to the cell wall

46
Q

Where is the inner plasma membrane located?

A

Internal to the cell wall

47
Q

Which organisms have more peptidoglycan, Gram positive or Gram negative?

A

Gram positive

48
Q

For both Gram positive and Gram negative, where does the Gram stain enter the cells?

A

The dye enters the cytoplasm of both Gram positive and Gram negative cells.

49
Q

Why is the iodine unable to leave the cell wall?

A

The iodine forms large crystals with the dye that are too large to escape through the cell wall.

50
Q

How does the Crystal Violet-Iodine complex leak out?

A

Alcohol dissolves the outer membrane of the gram negative cells and leaves small holes in the thin peptidoglycan layer through which the iodine leaks.

51
Q

Which cells absorb safranin, Gram negative or positive?

A

Gram negative and Gram positive both absorb safranin.

52
Q

What applies only to gram positive cells in relation to safranin?

A

The pink color of safranin is masked by the darker purple dye previously absorbed by gram positive cells.

53
Q

Describe the characteristics of a Glycocalyx

A
  • Outside of cell wall
  • Usually sticky
  • Extracellular polysaccharide allows cells to attach
54
Q

What does a Glycocalyx consist of?

A

Capsule and Slime Layer

55
Q

What is the capsule made of?

A

Non-slimy proteins (made of polypeptides) and sugars (polysaccharides)

56
Q

Is a capsule neatly organized?

A

yes

57
Q

Does every bacterium have a capsule?

A

no

58
Q

What is the purpose of a capsule?

A

To store nutrients and inhibit phagocytosis

59
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

Whip-like tail used for motility.

60
Q

Can you see the flagella in live cells?

A

Not without a special stain, which would kill the cell. However, you can see the live organism moving without the stain

61
Q

What is a flagellum made of?

A

a protein called flagellin

62
Q

What are the three parts of a flagellum?

A

Filament, hook, and turning discs

63
Q

What is needed to turn the disk, which turns the flagella?

A

ATP

64
Q

What is the process of an organism sensing chemicals in the environment and moving towards or away from them?

A

Chemotaxis

65
Q

What protein antigen do bacteria flagella contain?

A

H-antigen (Flagellar Antigen)

66
Q

In the strain of E. coli called O157.H7, what does the “O” mean, and what does the “H7” mean?

A

The letter “O” followed by a number indicates the type of cell wall Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the H-7 indicates the type of flagellar antigen.

67
Q

What is the term for many flagella around the perimeter of cells?

A

Peritricous

68
Q

What is the term for a group of flagella at one end of the cell?

A

Lophotrichous

69
Q

What is the term for one flagellum coming out of each end of the cell?

A

Amphitrichous

70
Q

What is the term for a cell with only one flagellum that comes out of one end of the cell?

A

Monotrichous

71
Q

What are the three types of motility allowed by flagella?

A

Run – move in straight line
Tumble – roll around themselves
Run and Tumble – doing both movements alternately

72
Q

What are axial filaments?

A

Special flagella (endoflagella) found only in spirochetes.

73
Q

What do the axial filaments allow the spirochete to do?

What does this motion allow?

A

Move in a rotational motion like a corkscrew.

Allows the spirochete to penetrate tissue.

74
Q

What is an example of a spirochete?

A

The bacterium that causes syphilis.

75
Q

What is the function of a sex pilus?

A

It helps cells connect to each other during conjugation so they can transfer DNA from one cell to another (sexual reproduction).

76
Q

What are fimbrae?

A

Hair like structures made of protein, found in bacteria. In Eukaryotes, they are called cilia

77
Q

What is the function of fimbrae?

A

Allows bacteria to attach to host

78
Q

What is an example of a bacterium with fimbrae?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (causes gonorrhea)

79
Q

What are the three types of bacterial antigens and where on a bacterium are they found?

A

O Antigen: LPS of gram-negative
H Antigen: Flagella
K Antigen: Capsule

80
Q

What is a CYTOPLASM?

A

The watery substance inside of the plasma membrane

81
Q

What consist of the cytoplasm’s watery substance?

A

It is made up of 80% water and contains proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and lipids.

82
Q

What is a NUCLEIOD?

A

A nuclear area (prokaryotes without nucleus)

Only has one chromosome and DNA is circular instead of linear.

83
Q

What are HISTONES and which cells have it/ does not have it?

A

Histones are structures Eukaryotes use to organize their DNA by wrapping around it. Prokaryotes do not have histones.

84
Q

What are PLASMIDS?

A

Small pieces of DNA fragments which are separate from the chromosome. They may carry genes for antibiotic resistance, production of toxins, etc.Can be transferred from one bacterium to another.

85
Q

How do plasmids benefit humans?

A

Plasmid DNA is used for gene manipulation and biotechnology.

86
Q

What are 3 characteristics of RIBOSOMES?

A

They are “protein factories”
10,000 ribosomes can fit in a cytoplasm
They give the cytoplasm a granular appearance

87
Q

Name 4 antibiotics that work by inhibiting the protein synthesis of ribosomes

A

Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Erythromycin
Chloramphenicol

88
Q

What two subunits are ribosomes made up of?

A

They are made of two subunits:

30S and 50S

89
Q

The two subunits of ribosomes are called what when put together?

A

Together, they are called a 70S ribosome unit (the numbers are NOT added to get this figure).

90
Q

Which antibiotics attack the 30S unit?

A

Streptomycin and Gentamycin

91
Q

Which antibiotics attack the 50S unit?

A

Erythromycin and Chloramphenicol

92
Q

Describe inclusions

A

Inclusions are reserve deposits of nutrients within the cytoplasm. These nutrients can be in the form of phosphate, glycogen, starch, and lipids.

93
Q

What are Endospores?

A

Specialized resting cells formed by gram-positive bacteria when essential nutrients are depleted.

94
Q

What is an example of a pathological organism that produces endospores?

A

Clostrtidium, which causes diseases such as gangrene, tetanus, botulism, and food poisoning.

95
Q

What organisms make endospores?

A

Only bacteria make endospores.

96
Q

What are characteristics of Endospores?

A

They are highly durable, dehydrated cells with thick walls.

97
Q

What is the function of endospores?

A

They can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to toxic chemicals and radiation.

98
Q

What effect does boiling water have on endospores?

A

Endospores can survive in boiling water for several hours or more.

99
Q

How can we tell if an unknown organism is an endospore producer?

A

Endospores require a special endospore stain to be visualized.

100
Q

What is the process by which endospores are formed?

A

Sporulation

101
Q

Is sporulation the same as reproduction?

A

Only one cell comes from one endospore, therefore sporulation is not reproduction.

102
Q

Describe the process of sporulation

A

The cytoplasm of the vegetative cell dries up, the cell wall ruptures, and the endospore is released into the environment

103
Q

What is germination?

A

The endospore returns to its vegetative state.

104
Q

What triggers germination?

A

This is triggered by a change in the environment.

105
Q

How does germination occur?

A

Water enters into the endospore, and metabolism resumes.

106
Q

What are the three types of Endospores

A 
Terminal endospore
(\_\_0)
Sub-terminal endospore
(\_\_0_)
Central endospore
(_0_)

Prokaryotes (3 decks)

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