Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes

Question 0

what is a nucleoid?

Answer 0

A localised region of DNA.

Question 1

What are the two major groups organisms, which depend on their cells?

Answer 1

Eukaryotes (the Protists, fungi, animals and plants) and the prokaryotes (the bacteria and archaea). Eukaryote means ‘true nucleus’ while prokaryote means ‘before the nucleus’. However this is wrong in evolutionary terms; prokaryotes may well have arisen from simplified versions of early Eukaryotes!

Question 2

What is the function of a ribosome?

Answer 2

The site of protein synthesis.

Question 3

What is a peotidoglycan cell wall?

Answer 3

A matrix of polysaccharides linked by short polypeptide chains. Protects the cell, maintains it’s shape and prevents excessive uptake of water.

Question 4

What is the capsule?

Answer 4

A thick layer of polysaccharide outside the cell wall, it helps the cell adhere to surfaces.

Question 5

What are pili?

Answer 5

Help the cell attach to surfaces and can be used to exchange plasmids with other bacteria.

Question 6

What is the function of the flagellum?

Answer 6

Used for locomotion.

Question 7

What are plasmids?

Answer 7

Additional rings of DNA in the cytoplasm - can be exchanged

- important

Question 8

What do prokaryote cells not have?

Answer 8

Do not have membranes bound by enzymes.

Question 9

What do prokaryote cells have instead of membrane?

Answer 9

A circular chromosome suspended in the cytoplasm. They may also have smaller ring of DNA called plasmids.

Question 10

what is the function of a single circular DNA molecule? Prokaryotes

Answer 10

Condenses to form a nucleotide.

Question 11

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 11

Controls exit and entry of materials

Folds to help localise metabolism

Question 12

What is the function of pili?

Answer 12

• Exchange of plasmids

- Used to attach to surfaces

Question 13

What is the function of the ribosome?

Answer 13

Protein synthesis, smaller site that eukaryotes

Question 14

What is the function of the mucilaginious capusule?

Answer 14

Jelly like polysaccharide helps the cell adhere to surfaces.

Question 15

What is the function of plasmodesmata? In plant cells

Answer 15

Present in cell wall. These are cytoplasmic links between neighbouring cells.

Question 16

What is the central vacuole? Plant cells

Answer 16

Stores sugars, ions and pigments. It is important in maintain turgidity of the cell.

Question 17

What is the function of chloroplasts? Plant

Answer 17

Carry out photosynthesis.

Question 18

What is the function of the middle lamella? Plant

Answer 18

Composed of pectin which gives neighbouring cells together at their cell walls.

Question 19

What is the function of the plant cell wall?

Answer 19

Made up of cellulose. Maintains the cells shape,as well as preventing excessive uptake of water.

Question 20

What is the function of centrides? Animal

Answer 20

Formed in the centre some also known ad microtuble organising centre (MTOC).

Question 21

What is function of the micro villi? Animal

Answer 21

Membranes extensions which increase the surface area for absorption.

Question 22

What is the function of microbodies? Animal

Answer 22

Only have a single membrane around them and are produced by budding from the ER or the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, which contain enzymes to digest and recycle parts of the cell.

Question 23

What does cytosol have?

Answer 23

A cytoskeleton.

Question 24

If plant cells are eukaryotes what does this mean?

Answer 24

They contain organelles bound by membranes.

Question 25

What is cytosol?

Answer 25

Is the liquid part of the cytoplasm. It is organised by endomembranes which compartmentalise different parts of the metabolism. It has a cytoskeleton.

Question 26

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 26

It's is a network of protein fibres that extends throughout the cytoplasm in all eukaryotic cells. The cytoplasm is attached to membrane proteins and gives mechanical support to the cell. The act as a scaffolding to maintain the shape of the cell.

Question 27

What is function of the mitochondria?

Answer 27

Are present in aerobic respiration. These have a double-layer of membranes with the inner layer folded to form cristae. They are the main energy source to the cell.

Question 28

What is the nuclear membrane?

Answer 28

The membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

Question 29

What is the nucleus?

Answer 29

A spherical body containing many organelles. The nucleus controls many of the cells functions, it contains DNA.

Question 30

What are the chloroplasts?

Answer 30

They are the site of photosynthesis. They are an elongated organelle containing chlorophyll. They have their own DNA.

Question 31

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 31

The transport system for molecules needed for certain changes and specific destinations, instead of molecules that float freely in the cytoplasm.

Question 32

What is the Golgi apparatus? Animal

Answer 32

A flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of panels and is located near the nucleus. It produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into the membrane bound vesicles for "export" from the cell.

Question 33

Explain the genetic information in eukaryotes?

Answer 33

The genetic material is linear DNA organised as proper chromosomes. The DNA is wrapped around histone proteins to form nucleosomes.