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MCAT Biology > Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Anaerobic

A

Doesn’t benefit from use of Oxygen for metabolic survival

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2
Q

Aerobic

A

Requires Oxygen for metabolic survival

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3
Q

Oxygenation of atmosphere

A

Oxygenic Cyanobacteria created the accumulation of Oxygen in the atmosphere through oxygenic photosynthesis (1-3 bya)

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4
Q

Bacterial plasma membrane

A

Known as protoplast with everything it contains

Made up of phospholipids composed of phosphate group, two fatty acids, and a glycerol backbone

Does not contain cholesterol and may be partially charged on external leaflet

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5
Q

Bacterial envelope

A

The layer surrounding the cell membrane

Contains bacterial cell wall which is made of peotidoglycan

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6
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Series of disaccharide polymer chains with amino acids

Crosslinks between amino acids of different chains (interbridges)

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7
Q

Gram staining

A

Differential staining technique to reveal the gram type of a bacteria’s cell wall.

Gram-positive will stain purple, prevents violet stain from leaking out
Gram-negative stain pink

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8
Q

Periplasmic space

A

Space between plasma membrane and cell wall
Contains proteins such as hydrolytic enzymes

More prevalent in gram positive bacteria

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9
Q

Gram negative envelopes

A

Contain inner cell membrane, layer of peptidoglycan, and outer cell membrane

Outer cell membrane Contains lipopolysaccharides in outer leaflet which can form protective barrier against antibodies and antibiotics

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10
Q

Bacteria flagella

A

Long, hollow, rigid, helical cylinders made from globular protein called flagellin

Rotate counterclockwise to propel bacterium in a single direction

Rotate clockwise to tumble

Uses proton gradient via giant molecular engine

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11
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Directed movement towards substances or stimuli that promote survival a d growth of bacterium

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12
Q

Binary fission

A

One cell splits evenly into two daughter cells with equal cellular contents

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13
Q

Cell budding

A

Form of cellular division in which a smaller cavity buds off the side of the mother cell with lesser amounts of cellular content

Asymmetric reproduction

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14
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Method of recombining genetic information between two individuals of same species to produce genetically distinct individual

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15
Q

DNA replication in Prokaryotes

A

Two DNA polymerase a begin at same point on circle (origin of replication) and move in opposite directions
Make complementary single strands that combine with template to form two complete ds DNA circles

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16
Q

Exponential Growth

A

Each organism produces two offspring, offspring each produce two offspring

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17
Q

Conjugation

A

Method of genetic recombination in prokaryotes in which one cell transfers plasmid via a sex pilus to another cell

Can transfer either F plasmid or R plasmid for antibiotic resistance

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18
Q

Plasmid

A

Extragenomic DNA which contain nonessential genes to code for specific traits that may be useful depending on response to environment

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19
Q

Episome

A

A plasmid that can integrate into genome

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20
Q

Conjugative plasmid

A

A plasmid that possesses the gene for a sex pilus and therefore can be transferred from one bacteria to the next

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21
Q

Sex pilus

A

Hollow protein tube that connects two bacteria to allow passage of one plasmid to another

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22
Q

F plasmid

A

Aka Fertility factor
Codes for sex pilus
Bacteria with F factor is F+

If integrated in chromosome (episome), then some or all of chromosome may be transferred

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23
Q

R plasmid

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A

Donates resistance to certain antibiotics and toxins

Also conjugative plasmid

Can be transferred between species of bacteria

24
Q

Transformation

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A

Method of genetic recombination or Horizontal Gene Transfer

Bacteria incorporate DNA from external environment into their genomes

25
Transduction
Transfer of genetic material by a virus (vector) Capsid of a bacteriophage mistakenly encapsulates a DNA fragment of host cell
26
Transposon
Pieces of DNA that are capable of moving from one place to another in genome Enzyme transposase catalyzes transposon’s removal from and incorporation into chromosome
27
Eukaryotes
 Cells that have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles DNA is coiled with histones mRNA undergoes splicing 
28
Domain of Eukarya
Four Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
29
Fungi
Kingdom in Eukarya Have filaments called hyphae that form masses of mycelium Hyphae are not really multicellular, but nuclei are divided by thin walls called septa
30
Photosynthetic autotroph
Organism that uses sunlight for energy to drive the ETC and fix Carbon from CO2 in air
31
Cephalization
Nervous system like structure with a concentration of nervous tissue at one end
32
Nucleus
Membrane bound organelle that contains DNA in eukaryotes Directs activities of the cell Contains nucleoplasm
33
Nuclear envelope
Double phospholipid bilayer that wraps the nucleus Contains nuclear pores which allows RNA to exit nucleus
34
Nucleolus
Area in nucleus where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and formed into ribosomes
35
Protein Synthesis
mRNA exits nucleus and attaches to a ribosome for protein synthesis. Translation occurs either in cytoplasm or Rough ER
36
What are some proteins that will be exported from cell?
Protein hormones, bloodstream proteins
37
ER lumen
Space inside the walls of the endoplasmic reticulum Also known as cisternal space Can be contiguous with outer layer of nuclear envelope
38
Signal sequence associated with translation
Sequence of amino acids that direct the protein to ER membrane for completion of translation Protein propelled into ER lumen as it is made Will then move through ER lumen to Golgi apparatus
39
Golgi apparatus
Aka golgi complex Series of flattened, membrane bound sacs whose major functions are packaging and secreting proteins Small transport vesicles bud off from ER to Golgi Golgi may alter proteins by glucosylation (addition of carbohydrate) or removal of amino acids Produces vesicles full of proteins with differing destinations
40
Secretory vesicles
May contain enzymes, growth factors, or extra cellular matrix components Release their contents through exocytosis Can be used to expand cell membrane, contribute proteins, or release hormones to outside of cell
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Constitutive secretion
Secretory vesicles continuously released by most cells
42
Regulated secretion
Specialized cells releasing secretory vesicles in response to certain chemicals or stimuli
43
Lysosome
Type of vesicles that contains hydrolytic enzymes Hydrolytic enzymes catalyze breakdown of macromolecules by hydrolysis (acid hydrolases) Interior pH of 5 Fuse with endocytotic vesicles and digest contents Can cause programmed cell death or lysis
44
Extracellular Protein Secretion
Proteins released from cells Examples include endocrine glands and the liver which release protein hormones and albumin/clotting factors, respectively Cells that perform this usually has well developed ER and Golgi
45
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death, indicated by increase in concentration of lysosomes in cell
46
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Portion of ER that lacks ribosomes Usually more tubular structure Functions differ by cell type Liver and kidney: contains glucose-6-phosphatase Muscle cells: Known as sarcoplasmic reticulum, sequesters Calcium away from actin and myosin Also lipid metabolism in liver, triglycerides produced in smooth ER and stored in adipocytes Also oxidizes foreign substances, detoxifies drugs, pesticides, toxins
47
Peroxisome
Vesicles in cytosol that are involved in production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide Involved in lipid and protein storage, metabolism of nitrogenous bases and carbohydrates, synthesis’s d breakdown of lipids, inactivate alcohol, regulate oxygen concentration
48
Mitochondria
Site of ATP production. Contain circular DNA that relocates independently from nuclear DNA with no histones or nucleosomes Mitochondrial DNA passed directly from mother gametes Cell envelope similar to gram negative bacteria- two phospholipid bilayers
49
Mitochondria structure
Inner membrane- invaginates to form crustal which hold proteins for ETC of aerobic respiration Intermembrane space- space between inner and outer membranes Matrix: holds concentration of ion
50
Cytoskeleton
Network of filaments that determines structure and motility of cell Anchors membrane/cellular components, moves components in cell, moves cell Formed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
51
Microtubules
Hollow tubes made from protein called tubulin Provide platform for transport within cells Molecular motors taxi throughout cell using microtubules Mitotic spindle made of microtubules Support shape of cell + and - end, - end attaches to microtubules organizing center (MTOC) and grows at + end
52
Tubulin
Globular protein that polymerizes into long straight filaments 13 tubulin filaments form microtubules tube
53
Centrosome
Major MTOC in animal cells Composed of a pair of centrioles * production of flagella and cilia
54
Eukaryotic flagella and cilia
Made from 9+2 microtubules configurations * cross bridges made from dynein connect each pair of microtubules * cross bridges allow sliding, creating whip-like action Move fluid, causing cell or nearby substances to move
55
Microfilaments
Actin filaments- interact with myosin to cause muscle contraction Pinch off cytoplasm during cytokinesis
56
Intermediate filaments
Maintain cell shape Not dynamic, but impart structural rigidity Keratin- type of IF found in skin or hair

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