prokaryotic cells

Question 1

true/ false
archaebacteria and cyanobacteria lack mem brane bound nucleus

Answer 1

true

Question 2

what are the diff parts of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 2

1.glycocalyx
2. cell wall
3.cell membrane
4.pili
5.frimbriae
6.flagella
7.nucleoid
8.plamid
9.ribosom
10.inclusion bodies

Question 3

what is glycocalyx made up of?

Answer 3

polysaccharides and proteins

Question 5

What is the glycocalyx in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 5

The glycocalyx is a gelatinous, sticky layer surrounding the cell wall of some prokaryotic cells, primarily composed of polysaccharides and glycoproteins.

Question 6

True or False: The glycocalyx is only found in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 6

False

Question 7

Fill in the blank: The glycocalyx can be classified into two types: __________ and __________.

Answer 7

capsule; slime layer

Question 8

What is one primary function of the glycocalyx in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 8

It aids in protection against desiccation and helps in adherence to surfaces.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the glycocalyx?
A) Protection
B) Attachment
C) Energy production
D) Immune evasion

Answer 9

C) Energy production

Question 10

true or false
the capsule and the slim layer are called ‘dimorphic layer’

Answer 10

true

Question 11

What is the primary function of the cell wall in prokaryotes?

Answer 11

To provide structural support and protection against environmental stress.

Question 12

True or False: Prokaryotic cell walls are made of peptidoglycan.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Fill in the blank: The two main types of bacterial cell walls are _____ and _____.

Answer 13

Gram-positive, Gram-negative

Question 14

What component differentiates Gram-positive bacteria from Gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 14

The thickness of the peptidoglycan layer& the presence of the lipopolysaccharide layer

Question 15

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT found in prokaryotic cell walls? A) Peptidoglycan B) Lipopolysaccharides C) Cellulose D) Teichoic acids

Answer 15

C) Cellulose

Question 16

What role do teichoic acids play in Gram-positive bacteria?

Answer 16

They contribute to the cell wall’s structure and help regulate the movement of ions.

Question 17

Short Answer: How do antibiotics like penicillin affect prokaryotic cell walls?

Answer 17

They inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis, weakening the cell wall and leading to cell lysis.

Question 18

True or False: All prokaryotes have a cell wall.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

What is the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria composed of?

Answer 19

Lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycan and phospholipids.

Question 20

Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements about prokaryotic cell walls is true?
A) They are impermeable to all substances
B) They can be targeted by specific antibiotics
C) They are made of cellulose
D) They are identical in all prokaryotes

Answer 20

B) They can be targeted by specific antibiotics

Question 22

What is the primary stain used in the Gram staining procedure?

Answer 22

Crystal violet

Question 23

True or False: Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Fill in the blank: After applying iodine in the Gram stain procedure, the cells are treated with __________.

Answer 24

Alcohol or acetone

Question 25

What color do Gram-positive bacteria appear after the Gram staining procedure?

Answer 25

Purple

Question 26

In the Gram staining procedure, what is the purpose of the counterstain?

Answer 26

To color the Gram-negative bacteria

Question 27

Which type of bacteria typically have a thin peptidoglycan layer?

Answer 27

Gram-negative bacteria

Question 28

Multiple choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria? A) Thick cell wall B) Thin cell wall C) No outer membrane

Answer 28

B) Thin cell wall

Question 29

What is the color of Gram-negative bacteria after the Gram staining procedure?

Answer 29

Pink

Question 30

True or False: Iodine acts as a mordant in the Gram staining process.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What is the sequence of reagents used in the Gram staining procedure?

Answer 31

Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol/acetone, safranin

Question 33

What is the primary function of antibiotics in relation to bacteria?

Answer 33

Antibiotics inhibit the growth or kill bacteria.

Question 34

True or False: Antibiotics can target peptide bonds in bacterial cells.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Fill in the blank: Antibiotics disrupt the synthesis of _____ by interfering with peptide bonds.

Answer 35

proteins

Question 36

What role do amino acids play in the function of antibiotics?

Answer 36

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which antibiotics target.

Question 37

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a mechanism by which antibiotics can act? A) Inhibiting peptidase, B) Enhancing peptide bond formation, C) Promoting bacterial growth.

Answer 37

A) Inhibiting peptidase

Question 38

What is peptidase and its significance in bacterial cell function?

Answer 38

Peptidase is an enzyme that breaks down peptide bonds, crucial for protein metabolism in bacteria.

Question 39

Short Answer: How do antibiotics affect peptidase activity?

Answer 39

Antibiotics can inhibit peptidase activity, preventing bacteria from properly metabolizing proteins.

Question 40

True or False: Antibiotics can only target one specific type of bacteria.

Answer 40

False

Question 41

What happens to bacterial cell walls when antibiotics disrupt peptide bond formation?

Answer 41

The integrity of the bacterial cell wall is compromised, leading to cell lysis.

Question 42

Fill in the blank: The inhibition of _____ synthesis is a common target for many antibiotics.

Answer 42

protein

Question 44

What is the primary function of the bacterial cell membrane?

Answer 44

To serve as a selective barrier that regulates the entry and exit of substances.

Question 45

True or False: The bacterial cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Fill in the blank: The bacterial cell membrane contains proteins that are involved in __________.

Answer 46

transport, signaling, and structural support.

Question 47

What is a mesosome?

Answer 47

An infolding of the bacterial cell membrane that is thought to be involved in cell division and DNA replication.

Question 48

what are the 3 types of mesosome?

Answer 48

1. lamellae(stacked) 2. tubule(tube) 3. vesicle(globule)

Question 49

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of the bacterial cell membrane? A) Phospholipids B) Proteins C) Cellulose D) Cholesterol

Answer 49

C) Cellulose

Question 50

What is the role of membrane proteins in bacteria?

Answer 50

They facilitate transport, act as enzymes, and serve as receptors.

Question 51

True or False: Mesosomes are found in all types of bacteria.

Answer 51

False

Question 52

Fill in the blank: The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the __________.

Answer 52

bacterial cell membrane.

Question 53

What type of molecules can easily pass through the bacterial cell membrane?

Answer 53

Small, nonpolar molecules.

Question 54

Multiple Choice: The bacterial cell membrane is primarily responsible for which of the following? A) Energy production B) Protein synthesis C) Genetic material storage D) Photosynthesis

Answer 54

A) Energy production

Question 55

What is the importance of the selective permeability of the bacterial cell membrane?

Answer 55

It allows the cell to maintain homeostasis by controlling the internal environment.

Question 56

True or False: Bacterial membranes lack sterols.

Answer 56

True

Question 57

Fill in the blank: The presence of __________ & __________ in the bacterial membrane helps in creating a stable environment.

Answer 57

proteins and lipids

Question 58

What is the relationship between mesosomes and the cell wall in bacteria?

Answer 58

Mesosomes are associated with the cell wall and may play a role in cell division.

Question 59

Multiple Choice: Mesosomes are primarily associated with which function? A) Photosynthesis B) Respiration C) Cell division D) Nutrient absorption

Answer 59

C) Cell division

Question 60

What effect does temperature have on bacterial cell membranes?

Answer 60

Temperature changes can affect membrane fluidity and integrity.

Question 61

True or False: The bacterial cell membrane can be involved in ATP production.

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Fill in the blank: The bacterial cell membrane is anchored to the __________.

Answer 62

cytoskeleton.

Question 63

What structural feature differentiates the membranes of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

Answer 63

Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane in addition to the inner membrane.

Question 64

Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements about mesosomes is true? A) They are essential for all bacterial life B) They are only found in Gram-positive bacteria C) They are involved in DNA replication D) They are primarily for nutrient storage

Answer 64

C) They are involved in DNA replication

Question 65

3 parts of cell membrane ar e

Answer 65

lipid BILAYER , proteins, carbohydrates

Question 67

What is a mesosome?

Answer 67

A mesosome is an infolding of the plasma membrane in bacteria.

Question 68

True or False: Mesosomes are involved in cellular respiration in prokaryotes.

Answer 68

True

Question 69

Fill in the blank: Mesosomes are believed to play a role in __________ and DNA replication.

Answer 69

cell division

Question 70

Which of the following is a function of mesosomes? A) Photosynthesis B) Protein synthesis C) Respiration D) Cell wall formation

Answer 70

C) Respiration

Question 71

What structural role do mesosomes serve in bacterial cells?

Answer 71

They help in the organization of the cell's internal components.

Question 72

True or False: Mesosomes are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer 72

False

Question 73

List one function of mesosomes related to chromosomal material.

Answer 73

Mesosomes assist in the segregation of chromosomal material during cell division.

Question 74

Short Answer: How do mesosomes contribute to the surface area of bacterial cells?

Answer 74

They increase the surface area for metabolic processes.

Question 75

Multiple Choice: Which process is NOT associated with mesosomes? A) DNA replication B) Energy production C) Nutrient absorption D) Photosynthesis

Answer 75

D) Photosynthesis

Question 76

Short Answer: What is the significance of mesosomes in bacterial metabolism?

Answer 76

They are involved in energy production and metabolic reactions.

Question 77

true/ false mesosomes are present in gram -ve bacteria

Answer 77

false

Question 78

chromatophores are present in

Answer 78

Cyanobacteria, purple bacteria

Question 79

functions of mesosomes

Answer 79

1. cell growth 2. cell division 3. secretion 4. respiration 5. formation of pigments 6. formation of enzymes

Question 80

true / false mesosomes are absent in MAJORITY of gram +ve bacteria; and they are absent in ALL gram -ve bacteria

Answer 80

true

Question 82

What are pili in bacteria?

Answer 82

Pili are hollow, branched, tube - like structures on the surface of bacteria that aid in attachment and conjugation. they are mad of tubulin protein

Question 83

True or False: Pili are primarily used for locomotion in bacteria.

Answer 83

False

Question 84

Fill in the blank: The primary function of pili in bacteria is to facilitate ________ between cells.

Answer 84

conjugation

Question 85

Which type of pili is involved in the adhesion of bacteria to surfaces?

Answer 85

Fimbriae

Question 86

What is the primary structural protein that makes up pili?

Answer 86

Pilins & tubulin protein

Question 87

What are fimbriae in bacteria?

Answer 87

they are solid, bristle like str, made of fibrin protein. they help in attachment

Question 88

what are flagella in bacteria?

Answer 88

thread like, filamentous str. help in locomotion

Question 89

3 parts of flagella are _______,_______&_______.

Answer 89

filament, hook & basal body

Question 90

the basal body has 4 rings. name them

Answer 90

1. Distal rings a. L b. P 2. proximal rings a. S b. M (MNEMONICS-LipoPolySaccharideMolcule)

Question 91

true/ false all four rings are present in gram -ve bacteria

Answer 91

true

Question 92

true/ false first two rings are absent in gram +ve bacteria

Answer 92

true

Question 93

what is the genophore made of?

Answer 93

DNA, RNA, proteins

Question 94

what is genophore?

Answer 94

region where genetic material is contained in a nucleoid.

Question 95

what is plasmid?

Answer 95

extra - chromosomal , ds, DNA

Question 96

func of plastid?

Answer 96

gives superpowers to bacteria such as resistance to antibiotics

Question 97

true / false the two types of plasmids are: 1. F - plasmids-- help in sex pili 2. R - Plasmid -- antibiotic resistant

Answer 97

true

Question 98

T/F ribosomes in prokaryotes are of 70 S type, with 20% sedimentation.

Answer 98

false they are 70 S type, but sedimentation = 10%

Question 99

FIB Ribosomes aid in __________

Answer 99

Protein synthesis

Question 100

FIB Sub-units of ribosomes in prokaryotes are ________&_______

Answer 100

50 S & 30 S

Question 101

Ribosomes attached to mRNA are called _______, ________ & __________.

Answer 101

polysome polyribosome ergosome

Question 102

T/F the protein synthesized in the cytoplasm remains inside the cell ; and the protein synthesized in the cell membrane is transported outside the cell

Answer 102

true

Question 103

Two types of inclusion bodies are ________&_______

Answer 103

membrane & membrane less

Question 104

membrane bound inclusion bodies are ______________ ,____________ & __________

Answer 104

poly-beta-hydroxy pyruvate - stores carbon Sulphur granules - stores Sulphur for protein synthesis gas vacuoles - buoyancy

Question 105

in prokaryotes, thylakoids are scattered in the cytoplasm. T/F

Answer 105

True

Question 105

membrane less inclusion bodies are ______________,____________ & __________

Answer 105

phosphate granules - phosphate for genetic synthesis glycogen granules--carbon cyanophycean granule- nitrogen and carbon as carbohydrates

Question 106

in eukaryotes, genetic matter = 1 chromosome T/F

Answer 106

False it is in prokaryotes

Question 107

T/F single envelope system is present in prokaryotes

Answer 107

True

Question 108

FIB Gas vacuoles are found in ____________ (prokaryotes/ eukaryotes) & sap vacuoles are found in ____________ (prokaryotes/ eukaryotes).

Answer 108

prokaryotes eukaryotes

Question 109

number of chromosomes in a pepal tree

Answer 109

14 = (7 pairs)