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Chemistry > Properties and Structure of Materials > Flashcards

Properties and Structure of Materials Flashcards

1
Q

What are pure substances?

A

Substances that are made up of only one kind of particles and has a fixed or constant structure. E.g: Elements and Compounds.

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2
Q

What are elements?

A

Substances that contain only one type of atom.

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3
Q

What are compounds?

A

Substances that contain more than one type of elements.

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4
Q

What are monatomic ions?

A

Ions that consist of one atom.

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5
Q

What are polyatomic ions?

A

Ions that consist of more than one atom.

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6
Q

What are molecules?

A

A group of two or more atoms.

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7
Q

What are atoms?

A

The basic building blocks of matter.

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8
Q

What are mixtures?

A

Combinations of elements and/or compounds. They can be homogeneous or heterogeneous.

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9
Q

What are homogeneous mixtures?

A

Mixtures that are uniform in composition.

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10
Q

What are heterogeneous mixtures?

A

Mixtures that are not uniform in composition.

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11
Q

How is percentage composition calculated?

A

Percentage composition = (mass of element/compound / mass of mixture) * 100

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12
Q

What are the physical properties a substance might have?

A

Density, mass, volume, melting and boiling points, particle size, vapour pressure, solubility, colour, magnetism, viscosity and thermal conductivity.

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13
Q

What is sieving?

A

The process of separating a mixture based on particle size.

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14
Q

What is negative fraction?

A

The material that makes it through the sieve.

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15
Q

What is positive fraction?

A

The material that doesn’t make it through the sieve.

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16
Q

What is filtration and evaporation?

A

Filtration is the process of separating solid particles from a solution. Evaporation is the process of drying or heating a solution to separate the solute from the solvent.

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17
Q

What is a solute and solvent?

A

A solute is a substance that can be dissolved by a solvent to create a solution. A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.

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18
Q

What is distillation?

A

The process of separating components based on their boiling points.

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19
Q

What is magnetic separation?

A

The process of separating materials that are attracted by magnetic fields and materials that are repelled by magnetic fields..

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20
Q

What is gravity separation?

A

The process of separating materials in a mixture that have different mass.

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21
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

The attraction of different atoms to one another based on electrostatic forces created by the interaction of valence electrons.

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22
Q

Why do bonds form?

A

To form a more chemically stable substance.

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23
Q

What does endothermic mean?

A

The breaking of a bond where energy is absorbed.

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24
Q

What does exothermic mean?

A

The forming of a bond where energy is released.

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25
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

Bonding that includes a metal atom and a non-metal atom where the metal atom loses an electron to the non-metal atom so they both achieve a full valence electron shell.

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26
Q

What are the properties of ionic compounds?

A

Hard and brittle, high melting and boiling point, solid at room temperature, can conduct electricity in solution, soluble in water but not in solvents like petroleum.

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27
Q

What are cations?

A

An ion with a positive charge.

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28
Q

What are anions?

A

An ion with a negative charge.

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29
Q

What is a lattice?

A

A repeated three-dimensional arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a metal.

30
Q

What do metal atoms form?

A

A lattice of positive ions held together by the electrostatic attraction of delocalised electrons flowing between them.

31
Q

What are physical properties of metals?

A

Shiny, hard, sonorous, compact/rigid shape, high melting and boiling points, conduct heat and electricity, malleable and ductile.

32
Q

What are alloys?

A

A metal made by combining two or more metallic elements. They enhance the physical properties of a metal because of irregularly sized particles which disrupt the structure.

33
Q

What is a substitution alloy

A

Metal alloys formed by substituting one metal atom for another metal atom of similar size.

34
Q

What is an interstitial alloy?

A

An alloy that is formed when an atom with a small enough radius sits in an interstitial “hole” in a metal lattice.

35
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A chemical bond that occurs between non-metal atoms. Both non-metal atoms share electrons to fill their valence shell.

36
Q

What is a covalent molecular substance?

A

A substance that uses covalent bonds to form molecules.

37
Q

What are properties of covalent molecular substances?

A

Non-conductors of electricity, low melting and boiling points, liquids or gases at room temperature, solids are soft and easy to mold, only polar molecules are soluble in water.

38
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A substance that only contains carbon and hydrogen.

39
Q

What are the groups of hydrocarbons?

A

Alkanes/Cycloalkanes, Alkenes/Cycloalkenes, Alkynes/Cycloalkynes, Aromatics.

40
Q

What are the root names of the number of carbons?

A

1 = meth-, 2 = eth-, 3 = prop-, 4 = but-, 5 = pent-,. 6 = hex-, 7 = hept-, 8 = oct-, 9 = non-, 10 = dec-.

41
Q

What are alkanes and cycloalkanes.

A

An alkane is a carbon chain that contains single bonds. A cycloalkane is a chain connected in a loop.

42
Q

What are alkenes and cycloalkenes?

A

An alkene is a carbon chain that contains at least one double bond. A cycloalkene is a chain that is connected in a loop.

43
Q

What are alkynes and cycloalkynes?

A

An alkyne is a carbon chain that contains at least one triple bond. A cycloyalkyne is a chain connected in a loop.

44
Q

What is an aromatic?

A

Compounds that contain a benzene ring.

45
Q

What is the first step to naming branched chain hydrocarbons?

A

Count the longest continuous chain of carbons.

46
Q

What is the second step to naming branched chain hydrocarbons?

A

Number the carbons in the longest chain starting with the end that’s closest to a branch.

47
Q

What is the third step to naming branched chain hydrocarbons?

A

Count the number of carbons in each group that branches from the longest chain.

48
Q

What is the fourth step to naming branched chain hydrocarbons?

A

Attach the number of the carbon in the longest chain from which each group branches to the front of the alkyl group name.

49
Q

What is the fifth step to naming branched chain hydrocarbons?

A

Check for repeated alkyl groups.

50
Q

What is the sixth step to naming branched chain hydrocarbons?

A

Place the names of the substituent groups in front of the name of the parent chain in alphabetical order.

51
Q

What are the groups that can attach to a chain?

A

Chloro, Bromo, fluoro, iodo, methyl, ethyl, propyl.

52
Q

What are isomers?

A

Organic molecules that have the same chemical formula but a different chemical structure.

53
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

The atoms are arranged in a different way but the number of atoms of each element are the same.

54
Q

What are geometric isomers?

A

The atoms in an alkene have different orientation.

55
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

A chemical reaction in which an atom or group of atoms are added to a molecule.

56
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

A chemical reaction where two hydrogen atoms are added across the double bond of an alkene.

57
Q

What is Halogenation addition reaction?

A

A chemical reaction where a halogen molecule is added to the carbon–carbon double bond of an alkene group.

58
Q

What is substitution reaction?

A

A chemical reaction where an atom or group of atoms in a molecule are replaced by another atom or group.

59
Q

What is halogenation substitution reaction?

A

The replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms in an organic compound by a halogen.

60
Q

What is combustion?

A

A chemical reaction between substances, including oxygen and usually accompanied by heat. Always produces carbon dioxide and water as products

61
Q

What is polarity?

A

Polarity is about where the electrons are placed in a bond.

62
Q

What must be there for a molecule to be polar?

A

There must be a dipole moment.

63
Q

What is a dipole moment?

A

When the molecules separate into a positive and negative area.

64
Q

The polarity of a bond within a molecule is dependent on:

A

Asymmetric electron distribution and asymmetric geometry about the molecule.

65
Q

What does asymmetric electron distribution mean?

A

When the elements in a molecule in a chemical bond have a large difference in electronegativity making it polar.

66
Q

What does asymmetric geometry mean?

A

The molecule itself is asymmetrical making it polar.

67
Q

Can polar solvents dissolve in polar solutes?

A

Yes.

68
Q

Can a polar substance mix or dissolve in a non-polar substance?

A

No.

69
Q

What is a covalent network compound?

A

A substance in which atoms are covalently bonded in a continuous network structure.

70
Q

Most covalent network compounds are made of…

A

Silicon, carbon or boron.

71
Q

What are allotropes?

A

Allotropes are different structural forms of the same element that gives it different physical properties.

72
Q

Properties of covalent network compounds?

A

Non-conductors of electricity, very hard, solids at room temperature, high melting and boiling points, insoluble in everything.

Chemistry (6 decks)

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