Protein Flashcards
(13 cards)
What are amino acids?
Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. Each amino acid contains an amino group (–NH₂), a carboxyl group (–COOH), a hydrogen atom (–H), and a unique side chain (R group) attached to a central carbon atom.
How do amino acids link to form proteins?
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another, forming a polypeptide chain.
What distinguishes one amino acid from another?
The side chain (R group) attached to the central carbon atom differentiates one amino acid from another.
What are essential amino acids?
Essential amino acids are amino acids that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained through the diet.
What are nonessential amino acids?
Nonessential amino acids are amino acids that the body can synthesize, so they do not need to be obtained from the diet.
What are the primary functions of proteins in the body?
Proteins serve various functions, including:
Enzymes: Catalyze biochemical reactions.
Hormones: Regulate physiological processes.
Transporters: Move substances across cell membranes.
Antibodies: Protect against pathogens.
Structural components: Provide support and shape to cells and tissues.
Fluid and electrolyte balance: Maintain proper distribution of fluids in the body.
Acid-base balance: Help regulate pH levels.
Energy source: Serve as an energy source when carbohydrates and fats are insufficient.
How do proteins contribute to immune function?
Proteins form antibodies that identify and neutralize foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, playing a crucial role in the immune response.
What is protein turnover?
Protein turnover is the continuous process of protein synthesis and degradation, allowing the body to adapt to changing needs and repair damaged proteins.
What are complete proteins?
Complete proteins contain all nine essential amino acids in sufficient amounts. Animal-based foods like meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products are typically complete proteins.
What are incomplete proteins?
Incomplete proteins lack one or more of the essential amino acids. Most plant-based foods, such as beans, nuts, and grains, are considered incomplete proteins.
How can vegetarians obtain all essential amino acids?
By combining different plant-based foods (e.g., rice and beans) to ensure intake of all essential amino acids, a practice known as protein complementation.
What is the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)?
PDCAAS is a method used to evaluate the quality of protein based on both amino acid requirements and digestibility.
What factors affect protein quality in foods?
Protein quality is influenced by the amino acid composition and digestibility of the protein source.
