PROTEIN STRUCTURE

Question 1

what is a protein?

Answer 1

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues

Question 2

what are the 7 functions of proteins?

Answer 2

contractile
storage
structural
defence
signalling
transport
enzymes

Question 3

what is structural?

Answer 3

things such as hair, horns, feathers

Question 4

what is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 4

a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence/rigidity

Question 5

what is storage?

Answer 5

this is the sources of amino acids, such as egg whites and milk

Question 6

what does proteins defence include?

Answer 6

antibodies, blood clotting and WBC

Question 7

what does a signalling protein do?

Answer 7

produces receptors and hormones, such as insulin, that give negative feedback and trigger a response

Question 8

examples of protein transport…

Answer 8

membrane channels, blood proteins

Question 9

what is an enzyme?

Answer 9

a catalyst substance that helps speed up a chemical reaction

Question 10

polymer

Answer 10

monomers (amino acids) joined together to form a chain

Question 11

how many amino acids are there?

Answer 11

20

Question 12

what 6 substances make up an amino acid?

Answer 12

oxygen
hydrogen
carbon
nitrogen
sulphur
variable side chain

Question 13

what do amino acids consist of?

Answer 13

an amino group (NH2)
a carboxyl group (COOH)
R group (one of the 20 side chains)

these all attach to a central carbon atom

Question 14

what is the purpose of the side chain?

Answer 14

this is the part of the molecule that determines the function of the protein, aka its properties

Question 15

what are bonds between monomers called?

Answer 15

peptide bonds

Question 16

what reacts to form a polypeptide?

Answer 16

an amino group and an acid (the carboxyl group)

Question 17

what is a polypeptide?

Answer 17

many peptides joined together

Question 18

what is a peptide?

Answer 18

a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain

Question 19

what is the primary structure?

Answer 19

the unique sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide (the order of amino’s basically)

Question 20

what is the secondary structure?

Answer 20

the specific coiling or folding of the polypeptide chain

Question 21

what are the 2 types of secondary structure?

Answer 21

the alpha helix

the beta pleated sheets

Question 22

what is the tertiary structure?

Answer 22

this is the overall 3D structure of the polypeptide

Question 23

how is the tertiary structure held together?

Answer 23

by either: ionic bonding, disulfide bonding or hydrogen bonds

Question 24

What are the different hydro reactions?

Answer 24

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

attraction and repulsion

Question 25

many helix's = ?

Answer 25

helices

Question 26

what is a hydrophobic interaction?

Answer 26

an insoluble mixture

Question 27

what is a hydrogen bond made up of?

Answer 27

H + O2

Question 28

what is a disulphide bond?

Answer 28

strong interchangeable bonds

Question 29

what are ionic bonds made of?

Answer 29

charges

Question 30

what is the quaternary structure?

Answer 30

the association of 2 or more polypeptide chains

Question 31

name 3 examples of quaternary polypeptides

Answer 31

insulin (12 chains) collagen (3 chains) haemoglobin (4 chains)

Question 32

basic analogy of protein structure

Answer 32

think of it as a necklace of amino acid beads which often fold up into a ball