Protein Synthesis, Cell Differentiation/Gene Expression, and Mutations

Question 1

What is Transcription?

Answer 1

The first step in Protein Synthesis. Messenger RNA is made from a DNA template pattern. Once the mRNA is made it leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.

Question 2

What is Translation?

Answer 2

The second step in Protein Synthesis. Amino acids which make up proteins are assembled at the ribosome through the direction of the mRNA and the tRNA.

Question 3

What is mRNA?

Answer 3

A type of RNA used directly in transcription. mRNA transports genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

Question 4

What is tRNA?

Answer 4

A type of RNA used directly in translation. tRNA is used to decode a messenger RNA sequence into a protein.

Question 5

What is a Codon?

Answer 5

A sequence of 3 nitrogen bases used to code for a specific amino acid.

Question 6

What is a Codon Chart?

Answer 6

Codon Charts are used to find the amino acid that corresponds to DNA and RNA to produce a chain of amino acids called polypeptide, or protein.

Question 7

What is a Point Mutation?

Answer 7

A point mutation or substitution is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted, or deleted from a sequence of DNA or RNA.

Question 8

What is a Frameshift Mutation?

Answer 8

A frameshift mutation is a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA from a sequence of DNA or RNA.

Question 9

What is a Gene Expression?

Answer 9

Gene Expression is the process by which the heritable information in a gene, the sequence of DNA base pairs, is made into a functional gene product, such as protein or RNA.

Question 10

What is Cell Differentiation?

Answer 10

Cellular Differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.

Question 11

The process of transcription occurs in the–

Answer 11

Nucleus

Question 12

What is the original DNA strand that produced the mRNA strand: AAC UUA GGA CAU

Answer 12

UUG AAU CCU GUA

Question 13

If the mRNA codon reads AAG, what is the resulting amino acid?

Answer 13

Lysine (Lys)

Question 13

The process of translation occurs in the–

Answer 13

Ribosome

Question 14

Transcribe the given DNA strand into the correct mRNA strand: TAC GAC GGT

Answer 14

AUG CUG CCA

Question 15

Determine the resulting amino acid sequence from the given DNA sequence: TTA GGT ACC

Answer 15

AAU CCA UGG= Asp Pro Try

Question 16

A change in one single base, known as substitution, is an example of what type of mutation?

Answer 16

Insertion

Question 17

A mutation that occurs in the parent cell of an organism will most likely be transferred to what?

Answer 17

The offspring of the organism

Question 18

What best describes the process of cell differentiation?

Answer 18

The transformation of unspecialized cells into specialized cells with distinct functions.

Question 19

What best explains how different cell types are formed?

Answer 19

Each cell type expresses different genes at different times.

Question 20

Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into many different kinds of cells. Scientists have discovered that the environment supporting the cells influences stem-cell differentiation. For example, stem cells grown on strong, flexible surfaces became muscle cells. What most likely happened to stem cells grown on a hard, rigid surface?

Answer 20

They became bone cells.

Question 21

The genetic code of DNA is coded into a strand of mRNA

Answer 21

Translation

Question 22

AUG becomes MET is the process of–

Answer 22

Translation

Question 23

This process occurs in the ribosome–

Answer 23

Transcription

Question 24

The purpose of this process is to translate genetic code in a specific sequence of amino acids--

Answer 24

Transcription

Question 25

The purpose of this process is to transcribe information in the DNA for use by the cell--

Answer 25

Translation

Question 26

DNA Sequence: AGG TTA GCC AAA What is the mRNA and A.A Sequence?

Answer 26

mRNA: UCC AAU CGG UU A.A: Phe Asn Arg Phe

Question 27

DNA Sequence: ? mRNA: AUC CCA UUC GG A.A: Ile Pro Phe Gly

Answer 27

DNA Sequence: UAG GGU AAG CCC

Question 28

What are all the possible mRNA codons that can code for HIS?

Answer 28

CAU CAC

Question 29

Gene/Cell expression in an organism can be altered by interactions with the Environment/Other Organisms?

Answer 29

Cell Environment

Question 30

Not all genes are Expressed/Used all the time?

Answer 30

Expressed

Question 31

There are Environmental/Learned factors that contribute to Genes/Cells being expressed. For example, the temperature of the sand in a sea turtle's nest determines the gender of the baby sea turtles in the eggs.

Answer 31

Environmental Cells

Question 32

There are some animals whom their Gene/Organ for fur color is expressed or not expressed due to Environmental/Behavioral conditions.

Answer 32

Gene Environmental

Question 33

If mutations can be passed from parent to offspring, what type of cells would the mutation be present in?

Answer 33

Sex cells

Question 34

What type of mutation is the result of a change in a single nucleotide?

Answer 34

Substitution

Question 35

Original DNA strand: CTC CGC CCA AAA Mutated DNA strand: CTC CGC CAA AA

Answer 35

Type of mutation? Point mutation Deletion or Insertion? Deletion

Question 36

Original DNA strand: GAC TAG ACA CGG Mutated DNA strand: GAC TAG ACA CGG A

Answer 36

Type of mutation? Frameshift mutation Deletion or Insertion? Insertion

Question 37

What DNA triplet created the amino acid Met?

Answer 37

AUG