Protein Synthesis Lesson Review Flashcards
(21 cards)
What do Proteins in DNA do?
Proteins are the “do the work” within a cell.
What are GENES?
Genes are a SEQUENCE of nucleotides in DNA that code for proteins.
What can one MUTATION cause in a gene?
One mutation can cause a change in the structure of the protein.
What must proteins be synthesized in the cytoplasm?
Protiens must be synthesized by RIBOSOMES in the cytoplasm.
What could happen if a DNA molecule where to exit the NUCLEUS?
If DNA Molecules where to exit the nucleus, it could be damaged, altered, cells would die, or organisms may die.
What is Central Dogma?
DNA -> mRNA -> Protein
It occurs in a way that allows ribosomes to read DNA without actually having direct access to DNA
Why can DNA get transcribed into an RNA?
It is so that a message can be passed to the cytoplasm to be used as a template by the Ribosome (translation) to form proteins.
Differences between DNA and RNA.
DNA
- Contains deoxyribose sugar
- Is double stranded
- Adeine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).
- Resides in the NUCLEUS
RNA
- Contains ribose sugar
- single stranded
- Adeine (A) pairs with Uracil (U) and Guanine (G) pairs wth Cytosine (C).
- Resides both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm.
What are the different types of RNA that can be found?
- mRNA
- tRNA
- rRNA
What are the Key Functions of mRNA?
- varies in length, depending on the gene that has been copied
- acts as the intermediary between DNA and the ribosomes
- translated into protein by ribosomes
- RNA version of the gene encoded by DNA.
What are the Key Functions of tRMA?
- functions as the delivery system of amino acids to ribosomes as they synthesize proteins.
- very short, only 70-90 base pairs long.
What are the Key Functions in rRNA?
- binds with proteins to form the ribosomes.
varies in length.
What does INITIATION do?
- RNA polymerase binds to DNA at promoter.
- It occurs when a ribosome recognizes a sequence of mRNA and binds to it.
What does Elongation do?
- RNA polymerase puts together complementary ribonucleotides using DNA as templates.
- Ribosomes moves along three nucleotides at a time reading “codons”. Each codon codes for a particular amino acid that is delivered by tRNA.
What does Termination do?
- Recognizes the stop signal at the end of the gene.
Three nucleotide sequences are reached that do not code for an amino acid. “stop signal”
What does the mRNA transcript do once it’s released.
It would exit the nucleus.
How many results are there with only three nucleotides?
There are 64 different possibilities or results with only 3 nucleotides.
What does REDUNDANCY do?
It will minimize errors when making a protein.
What is a CODON?
It is a triplet of nucleotides.
What do Start Codons do?
They are a specific codon or AUG that signals to the ribosome that the translation commences at the point.
What do Stop Codons do?
They are specific codons that signal the end of translation to a ribosome.
