Protein Synthesis Study Guide

Question 1

What is the monomer of a protein

Answer 1

Amino acid

Question 2

What are the two steps in protein synthesis?

Answer 2

Transcription and Translation

Question 3

Where does each step of protein synthesis take place

Answer 3

Transcription takes place in the nucleus.
Translation takes place in the ribosomes.

Question 4

Where does transcription take place in the cell?

Answer 4

In the nucleus

Question 5

Where does translation take place in the cell?

Answer 5

In the ribosomes

Question 6

Does protein synthesis copy the entire DNA code?

Answer 6

No; only the relevant gene sequence (more energy-efficient, minimizes possible errors)

Question 7

What are the three types of RNA

Answer 7

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Question 8

Where are the three types of RNA found?

Answer 8

• mRNA is found in the nucleus and later cytoplasm
• tRNA is in the cytoplasm
• rRNA is in the ribosomes

Question 9

Where is mRNA found?

Answer 9

in the nucleus and later the cytoplasm

Question 10

Where is tRNA found

Answer 10

In the cytoplasm and later the ribosomes

Question 11

Where is rRNA found

Answer 11

in the ribosomes

Question 12

What do the three types of RNA do

Answer 12

• mRNA: carries the copied genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
• tRNA: carries amino acids to ribosomes
• rRNA is a structural component of ribosomes

Question 13

What does mRNA do

Answer 13

it contains a copy of the DNA gene sequence that the ribosomes will read

Question 14

What does tRNA do

Answer 14

carries amino acids to the ribosome

Question 15

What does rRNA do

Answer 15

it is a structural component of ribosomes

Question 16

What does capping mean

Answer 16

It is the addition of a 5’ cap to mRNA

Question 17

What does splicing mean

Answer 17

it is the removal of introns from pre-mRNA

Question 18

What does tailing mean

Answer 18

It is the addition of a poly-A-tail to the 3’ end of mRNA

Question 19

KNOW HOW TO TRANSLATE DNA INTO RNA. (Practice 2 problems)

Question 20

KNOW HOW TO READ A CODON CHART (Practice 2 problems)

Question 21

What is a codon

Answer 21

A three-nucleotide sequence on mmRNA that specifies a particular amino acid

Question 22

What does a codon code for

Answer 22

a specific amino acid

Question 23

What type of chain do many amino acids form

Answer 23

polypeptide chain

Question 24

What type of bond connects many amino acids

Answer 24

peptide bonds

Question 25

Does the order of amino acids matter in terms of building a protein?

Answer 25

Yes

Question 26

What could happen if we change the order?

Answer 26

Incorrect amino acids could **alter the protein’s shape**, causing it to be **ineffective** and **possibly harmful** (mutations!)

Question 27

What are the differences in DNA and RNA (sugars, number of strands, nitrogen bases)

Answer 27

- DNA has **deoxyribose** **/** RNA has **ribose** - DNA has **2 strands** **/** RNA has **1 strand** - DNA has adenine, guanine, cytosine, **thymine** **/** RNA has adenine, guanine, cytosine, **uracil**

Question 28

What are the differences in DNA and RNA’s sugars

Answer 28

DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA has ribose

Question 29

What are the differences in DNA and RNA’s number of strands

Answer 29

DNA is double-stranded (2), and RNA is single-stranded (1)

Question 30

What are the differences in DNA and RNA’s nitrogen bases

Answer 30

DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil

Question 31

What is a mutation

Answer 31

A change in the DNA sequence

Question 32

What are 2 types of point mutations

Answer 32

Missense and nonsense

Question 33

What is a **base pair substitution mutation**

Answer 33

it is when a nucleotide replaces another

Question 34

What is a **silent mutation**

Answer 34

when a codon is altered, but the amino acids do not change

Question 35

What is a **nonsense mutation**

Answer 35

an altered codon that results in an early stop

Question 36

What is a **missense mutation**

Answer 36

a mutation that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid

Question 37

What is a **frameshift mutation**

Answer 37

a mutation that changes the reading frame of the codons being read, resulting in incorrect amino acids could alter

Question 38

What is an **insertion mutation**

Answer 38

a mutation when **one or more nucleotides** are **added**

Question 39

What is a deletion mutation

Answer 39

a mutation when **one or more nucleotides** are **deleted**

Question 40

BE PREPARED TO IDENTIFY DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUTATIONS BASED ON COMPARING DNA CODES. (Practice 1 problem)

Question 41

Are mutations always bad?

Answer 41

No, some mutations are neutral or even beneficial

Question 42

Can mutations that occur in body cells be passed onto their offspring?

Answer 42

No, only mutations in sex cells can be passed to offspring