PROTEINS Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
most abundant protein found in blood
plasma and is found in significant amounts in other
body fluids. It serves as a crucial regulator of osmotic
pressure and maintains the balance of fluids between
blood vessels and tissues.
A
Albumin
2
Q
9–12 g/day
○ Negative APR
○ Amino acid reservoir
A
Albumin
3
Q
If body needs amino acids, it will
catabolize albumin
A
TRUE
4
Q
If body needs amino acids, it will
catabolize albumin
A
TRUE
5
Q
Utilized to assess average glucose
levels.
A
Fructosamine
6
Q
glucose attached to any protein,
A
Fructosamine
7
Q
is glucose attached to albumin
A
Glycated albumin
8
Q
there is more
fructosamine compared to
glycated albumin.
A
TRUE
9
Q
if there are
hemoglobinopathies
A
Fructosamine and glycated
10
Q
But if there is
malnutrition, meaning there is low
proteins,
A
HbA1C
11
Q
glycoprotein produced by the liver that plays
a vital role in protecting the lungs from damage
caused by enzymes released by inflammatory cells
A
a1-antitrypsin
12
Q
glycoprotein produced by the liver that plays
a vital role in protecting the lungs from damage
caused by enzymes released by inflammatory cells
A
a1-antitrypsin
13
Q
has a molecular weight of approximately 52 kDa.
A
a1-antitrypsin
14
Q
Inhibits elastase
○ SERPINA1 gene
○ Positive APR
90% of ⍺1 fraction
A
a1-antitrypsin
15
Q
is synthesized in utero by the developing
embryo and then by the fetal liver and the
gastrointestinal tract Concentrations decrease
gradually after birth, reaching adult concentrations at
around 8-12 months of age
A
AFP
16
Q
Only present in fetus.
● Used to assess the condition of the fetus while it is still
inside of the mother
A
AFP
17
Q
Only present in fetus.
● Used to assess the condition of the fetus while it is still
inside of the mother
A
a1- fetoprotein
18
Q
Positive APR
○ Neural tube defects
■ High AFP leads to neural tube
defects
○ Trisomy 18 and 21
■ If AFP is low in maternal serum, it
means there is a risk for trisomy 18
and 21
○ Tumor Marker
A
AFP
19
Q
If detected during adulthood, it is
now a tumor marker
A
hepatocellular carcinoma
20
Q
If man is positive in a pregnancy
test, that man has cancer
A
TRUE AFP
21
Q
glycoprotein is characterized by its acidic
properties and glycosylation.
A
a1- acid glycoprotein
22
Q
plays a crucial role in the immune system, as it acts
as an acute-phase protein and contributes to
modulating the immune response during inflammation and infection.
A
a1-acid glycoprotein
23
Q
Orosomucoid
○ Positive APR
○ Sphingomyelin metabolism
○ Capillary barrier function
○ Transport protein
A
a1-acid glycoprotein
24
Q
Normally, proteins in acidic
environment is positively charged.
In the case of a1-acid glycoprotein,
in an acidic environment, the
charge of this protein remains to be
_____
A
negative
25
Member of serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) family
● Targets cathepsin G, pancreatic elastase, mast cell
chase, chymotrypsin
● Elevated during inflammation
○ Positive APR
a1-antichymotrypsin
26
Decrease due to hereditary conditions like asthma
a1-antichymotrypsin
27
Liver disease
● Mutated in patients with Parkinson’s disease, COPD, and Alzheimer’s disease
a1-antichymotrypsin
28
Serine protease inhibitor family
● Between a1 and a2
Composed of H1, H2 and L (bikunin)
● Inhibits trypsin, plasmin, chymotrypsin
● Elevated in inflammation
Inter-a-trypsin inhibitor
29
Vitamin D-Binding protein
GC-GLOBULIN
30
Also transports fatty acids and endotoxin
○ Elavatd: pregnancy (3rd trimester), patients
taking oral estrogen
○ Decreased: liver disease, CHON losing
sydnromes
GC-GLOBULIN
31
This is an a2-glycoprotein synthesized in the liver as a tetramer consisting of two alpha and two beta
subunits
haptoglobin
32
This is an acute phase reactant that increases in many
inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis, acute
rheumatic disease, acute myocardial infarction, and
severe infection
haptoglobin
33
Binds free hemoglobin
○ Positive APR
○ Evaluation of hemolytic anemia
○ Intra vs. extravascular hemolysis
haptoglobin
34
Marked decrease in intravascular
hemolysis
haptoglobin
35
Marked decrease in intravascular
hemolysis
haptoglobin
36
a2-glycoprotein synthesized in the liver
ceruloplasmin
37
As a ______ acute phase reactant, it is frequently
elevated in inflammation, severe infection, and tissue
damage and may be increased with some cancers
positive; ceruloplasmin
38
an enzyme
○ Transports copper
○ Positive APR
ceruloplasmin
39
increased copper concentrations
increased copper excretion
wilsons disease; ceruloplasmin
40
kinky hair disease
■ decrease in ceruloplasmin
menkes syndrome
41
causes deposition of copper in
cornea
kayser fleischer rings
42
major component of the a2-globulin fraction.
a2-macroglobulin
43
is a tetramer of four(4)
identical subunits synthesized in the liver
a2-macroglobulin
44
Protease inhibitor
○ Cytokine and growth factor regulator
○ Chaperone of misfolded proteins
○ Nephrotic syndrome
a2-macroglobulin
45
Increase in a2 macroglobulin
■ Causes difficulty in excreting
certain proteins because this
protein is big
nephrotic syndrome
46
glycoprotein found in the blood plasma
that plays a crucial role in iron transport throughout
the body.
transferrin
47
major component of the beta-globulin
fraction
transferrin
48
Transports iron
○ NEGATIVE APR
○ Liver and kidney diseases
○ Iron deficiency anemia
transferrin
49
lack transferrin
atransferrinemia
50
increased iron
depositions
hemosiderosis
51
excessive iron
accumulation in body tissue
hemochromatosis
52
is an acute phase B-globulin.
HEMOPEXIN
53
binds to free heme, a component of hemoglobin
released during the breakdown of red blood cells.
hemopexin
54
Binds heme
○ Transports protein
○ Preserves Fe and AA
○ Positive APR
hemopexin
55
complexes of proteins and lipids whose
function is to transport cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids in the bloodstream
lipoproteins
56
does not move, stays in negative
(-) only in serum electrophoresis
chylomicrons
57
in the pre-beta region
VLDL
58
in the beta region
LDL
59
in the alpha region
■ fastest moving
HDL
60
HDL>VLDL>LDL>Chylomicrons
TRUE
61
Conjugated protein consisting of lipids + proteins
lipoproteins
62
small protein found on the surface of
nucleated cells in the body.
b2-microglobulin
63
It is a component of major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) class I molecules and is essential for immune
recognition and antigen presentation.
b2-microglobulin
64
MHC/HLA
■ MHC: major histocompatibility
complex
■ HLA: human leukocyte antigen
Nucleated cells
■ This protein is found on the surface
of our nucleated cells
○ Glomeruli and PCT
○ Lymphocyte turnover
b2-microglobulin
65
Systemic lupus
erythematosus
b2-microglobulin
66
is a natural defense
mechanism against infections
complement system
67
proteins are synthesized in the liver as single
polypeptide chains and circulate in the blood as
non-functional precursors.
complement system
68
Non-specific immunity
○ Complement C3, C4
○ Classical pathway
○ Membrane attack complex
○ involved in iron specific immunity
complement system
69
soluble plasma protein produced by
the liver and is essential for blood clot formation.
fibrinogen
70
largest plasma proteins. In terms of its
molecular composition, fibrinogen is basically a
_____
fibrinogen; glycoprotein
71
In serum electrophoresis, we don’t see fibrinogen
because it is consumed in ______ samples
serum
72
Clotting process
○ Fibrin formation
○ Positive APR
○ Beta and Gamma region
fibrinogen
73
gets its name from its ability
to react C-polysaccharide of the pneumococcus
bacteria.
CRP
74
Positive APR
○ General indicator of inflammation
CRP
75
Atherosclerosis
CRP
76
Good marker for heart diseases
CRP
77
These proteins are also known as antibodies
immunoglobulins
78
Conjugated protein
● Basically, these are glycoproteins with a 14-18%
carbohydrate composition.
immunoglobulins
79
proteins are synthesized primarily by
B-lymphocytes, that confer humoral immunity
immunoglobulins
80
biggest, pentamer
IgM
81
for allergy and parasitic
infections
IgE
82
Seen in the gamma region
immunoglobulins
83
Most abundant class of
antibody
● Capable of crossing the
placenta
IgG
84
Primary Ab found in
mucous secretions
IgA
85
First to appear in Antigenic
stimulation
● Pentameric Ab
IgM
86
represents a complex of
regulatory proteins
cardiac troponin
87
troponin C(TnC)
troponin I (cTn1)
troponin T (cTnT),
that are specific to cardiac
muscles.
cardiac troponin
88
GOLD STANDARD for the detection of
Myocardial infarction
cardiac troponin
89
Acute coronary syndrome
cardiac troponin
90
to detect
possible myocardial infarction and
acute coronary syndrome
PE AND ECG
91
Myocardial infarction(MI)
cardiac troponin
92
structurally related hormones
natriuretic peptides
93
atrial natriuretic peptide A-type(ANP),
B-type(BNP),
C-type(CNP)
dendroaspis natriuretic peptide(DNP)
natriuretic peptides
94
Left ventricular myocardium
natriuretic peptides
95
B-type NP
○ Left ventricular myocardium
○ Natriuresis
○ CHF and ACS
natriuretic peptides
96
composed of two nearly
identical subunits. Although ____ is the product of a single gene, the resulting protein can exist in multiple forms due to
fibronectin; alternate splicing of a single pre-mRNA
97
Preterm labor and delivery
fibronectin
98
Cellular interaction
○ Placental adherence to uterus
○ Fetal fibronectin
fibronectin
99
Proteolytic fragment of
collagen I
● Marker of bone resorption
Cross-Linked
C-Telopeptides
100
Syn: Prostaglandin D
synthase
● Marker for CSF leakage
beta trace protein
101
Marker for kidney function
(GFR)
cystatin c
102
Able to replace
creatinine as a
marker for kidney
function
cystatin c
103
Fibrous protein aggregates
formed from the alteration
ofꞵ pleated sheaths
● ↑ Amyloidoses
amyloid
104
Which of the following proteins is considered to be the gold standard for the detection of acute coronary syndrome?
cardiac troponin
105
Which of the following proteins is considered to be the gold standard for the detection of acute coronary syndrome?
cardiac troponin
106
All of the following are negative acute phase reactants,
except:
a. Prealbumin
b. Albumin
c. Hemopexin
d. Transferrin
HEMOPEXIN - positive
107
Record or chart produced from electrophoresis
electropherogram
108
Inadequate diet
Nephrotic syndrome
↑α2,β-globulins;
↓γ-globulins
decrease TP, albumin
N globulin
109
Immunodeficiency
syndrome
decreased TP, globulin
N albumin
110
Cirrhosis β-γ bridging
(no separation of beta and gamma)
The peaks of beta and gamma combine.
● Hepatitis ↑ γ-globulins
decreased TP, albumin
increased globulin
111
increased ALL
TP
ALBUMIN
GLOBULIN
hyperproteinemia - dehydration
112
High gamma
Tall spike pattern
multiple myeloma monoclonal
113
Sarcoid stepping pattern
Polyclonal gammopathies
114
increased TP, globulin
multiple myeloma
polyclonal gammopathies
115
Measurement of Proteins is under the
Function of the liver.
SYNTHETIC
116
Total Protein determination
albumin
globulin
prothrombin time
hepatic synthetic function
117
kjedahl
refractometry
biuret
dye binding
TOTAL PROTEIN
118
salt precipitation
dye binding
electrophoresis (coomassie blue)
albumin and globulin
119
may falsely elevate serum levels
hemolysis
120
Reference method. Assume average nitrogen
content of 16%(1 gm N = 6.54 gm protein)
kjeldahl
121
Measurement of refractive index due to solutes in
serum
refractometry
122
Formation of violet-colored chelate between Cu2+
ions and peptide bonds
biuret
123
Protein binds to dye and causes a spectral shift in
the absorbance maximum
dye binding
124
Dipotassium mercuric
iodide
nessler’s reagent
125
Sodium Nitroprusside
Phenol hypochlorite
berthelot reaction
126
Measurement of refractive index (velocity of light in air and water) due to solutes in serum
refractometry
127
Can measure proteins as well.
● Cannot be used in clinical chemistry laboratories
● Not Accurate. It only gives an estimate
refractometry
128
Formation of violet-colored chelate between Cu2+
ions and peptide bonds(540 nm)
biuret
129
Rochelle’s Salt Composition
biuret
130
breaks the peptide bonds
cupric ions
131
keeps copper in solution
tartrate salt
132
stabilizes cupric ions
potassium iodide
133
Phosphomolybdic acid or phenol reagent
● Oxidation of phenolic gives a deep blue color
folin-ciocalteu
134
Mostly utilized for assessing Urine Proteins for
CM(Clinical Microscopy)
folin-ciocalteu
135
tryptophan, tyrosine and
phenylalanine
280nm
ultraviolet absorption method
136
peptide bonds
210nm
137
Sulfosalicylic acid or trichloroacetic acid
● Formation of uniform fine precipitate which scatter light
turbidimetric/nephelometric
138
Confirmatory for Protein in Urine
turbidimetric/nepehlometric
139
Sodium sulfate
○ Globulins precipitates
salt fractionation
140
water, conc salt solution
albumin
141
weak salt solution, hydrocarbons
globulin
142
salt precipitation
dye binding
methyl orange
HABA
albumin
143
Globulins are precipitated
Albumin in supernatant is quantitated by biuret
reaction
salt precipitation
144
Nonspecific for Albumin
methyl orange
145
Many Interferences (salicylates, bilirubin)
HABA
146
Sensitive, Most commonly used dye
BCG
147
Specific, Sensitive and Precise
BCP
148
Most abundant protein in plasma (approximately half
of total protein)
albumin
149
Synthesized in liver
○ t1/2 = 15-19 days
● Principal functions
○ Maintaining fluid balance
○ Transport Protein Concentration is inversely
proportional to the severity of liver disease.
albumin
150
Severe dehydration
Prolonged tourniquet application
hyperalbuminemia
151
Reduced synthesis
○ Chronic liver disease
○ Malabsorption syndrome
○ Malnutrition and muscle wasting
hypoalbuminemia
152
Increased Loss
○ Nephrotic syndrome
○ Burns
○ Protein-losing enteropathy
○ Orthostatic albuminuria
hypo
153
Increased Catabolism
○ Malignancy
○ Thyrotoxicosis
hypoalbuminemia
154
no albumin
Analbuminemia
155
Two peaks
○ Bigla bigla nalang lumalabas sa patient. One
case in a patient with sarcoidosis.
bisalbuminemia
abnormal albumin
156
Decreased albumin
○ Increased α2-macroglobulin
○ Decreased gamma globulins
nephrotic syndrome
157
Decreased albumin (synthesis)
○ Increased gamma globulins (polyclonal
gammopathy)
○ beta-gamma bridge
hepatic cirrhosis
158
Albumin decreased
○ Sharp peak in gamma region
○ tall spike pattern
■ Seen in patients with multiple
myeloma
monoclonal gammopathy
159
Characteristic protein in
patients with multiple
myeloma
bence jones protein
160
Which of the following electrophoretic patterns is
consistent with hepatic cirrhosis?
beta gamma bridging
161
abnormal protein in the urine of patients with
Multiple Myeloma
● Demonstrated by heat and acetic acid method
○ Precipitates when solution is heated at 40°C
– 60°C
○ Soluble when heated at 100°C
Re-precipitates when the solution cools at
40°C – 60°C
bence jones proteins
162
Only protein that can change with its solubility and
precipitation
bence jones
163
Only protein that can change with its solubility and
precipitation
bence jones
164
Found only in urine and not in serum
● Mucoprotein produced in renal tubules
● Component of urinary casts
tamm horsfall
165
If a male patient has TNTC RBCs, it can be
pathologic or has strenuous exercise
TEUE
166
40 mg/day
tamm horsfall
