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proteins Flashcards

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1
Q

What does tryptophan break into?

A

5-HTP, serotonin, then melatonin

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2
Q

What vitamin is needed to activate tryptophan?

A

B3(niacin) b6 (pyridoxine )

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3
Q

What are the primary uses of tryptophan?

A

Production and protein synthesis

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4
Q

How does tryptophan affect mood and sleep?

A

Helps mood and sleep

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5
Q

What effects does tryptophan have on tension and irritability?

A

Decreases tension and irritability

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6
Q

Does tryptophan have a Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI)?

A

No

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7
Q

What is the supplement form of tryptophan?

A

L-Tryptophan

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8
Q

What major drug interactions does tryptophan have?

A

With antidepressants, eg lithium and monoamine oxidase inhibitors

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9
Q

What is the recommended dosage of tryptophan for insomnia?

A

Low dose

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10
Q

How is tryptophan metabolized in the body?

A

Gut microflora metabolise tryptophan into serotonin

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11
Q

What effects does tryptophan have on immunity and mood?

A

Increases immunity and mood

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12
Q

Phenylalanine is broken into what amino acids

A

L-Tyrosine, then L-Dopa then Dopamine then Norepinephrine then epinephrine.

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13
Q

Phenylalanine is used for what -

A

Used for energy production and protein synthesis and the precursor so Tyrosine and dopamine. It is crucial for structure and function of proteins and enzymes .

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14
Q

what hormone does tyrosine make ?

A

Thyroxine (t4) - needs zinc iron, iodine and vit C for conversion to T4

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15
Q

What is L-dopa broken down into

A

Melanin - needs iron, vit c and B3 (niacin )

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16
Q

Phenylalanine uses

A

used for energy production and thyroid hormone production

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17
Q

What is the caution with Tyrosine?

A

Caution with prescription Thyroxine

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18
Q

What is glutathione?

A

Glutathione is the major antioxidant for the body and plays a role in DNA synthesis and repair, cellular homeostasis, and prostaglandin synthesis.

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19
Q

What is the composition of glutathione?

A

Glutathione is a tripeptide made of glycine, cysteine, and glutamate.

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20
Q

What factors increase the demand for glutathione?

A

Factors include neurodegenerative disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, liver and autoimmune diseases, cancer, HIV, cataracts, macular degeneration, and glaucoma.

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21
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of glutathione deficiency?

A

Signs and symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, and haemolytic anaemia.

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22
Q

What is Methionine?

A

A sulphur based amino acid.

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23
Q

Where is Methionine metabolised?

A

In the liver.

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24
Q

What does the liver convert Methionine to?

A

SAMEe or S-adenosylmethionine.

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25
What is the role of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe)?
It is a major methyl donor involved in the synthesis of epinephrine, melatonin, myelin sheath, gene expression, and metabolism of homocysteine.
26
In which foods is Methionine found?
Beef, fish, and dairy.
27
What are the functions of Methionine?
Support of folate metabolism, protein synthesis, energy production, methyl transfer group, homocysteine metabolism, synthesis of SAMe and cysteine. plays major role in detoxification and metabolism
28
Which vitamins are needed to lower homocysteine?
B12, B6, and Folate.
29
Name the branch chain amino acids
Valine, Iso leucine, leucine
30
What is lysine and where is it found?
Lysine is an amino acid found in legumes, animal protein, dairy, and gelatine.
31
What are the benefits of lysine?
Lysine inhibits cold sores and viral replication, and increases immune function.
32
What role does lysine play in the body?
Lysine is involved in protein and peptide synthesis of collagen, elastin, and some hormones. it helps synthesis calcium absorption and the production of hormones
33
list 9 essential amino acids
histadine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine , Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Valine, Threonine (Help In Learning these Little Molecules Proves Truely Valuable )
34
What do we need protein for
Structure, building repair, hormones (insulin, leptin, thyroxin), immune system (immunoglobulins , cytokines)
35
What is taurine?
Taurine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter used for anxiety and to make bile salts.
36
What are the functions of taurine?
It is an antioxidant and is important in stage 2 liver detoxification.
37
Is taurine essential or non-essential?
It is non-essential and found in animal sources.
38
What health aspect does taurine support?
It supports eye health.
39
What is the recommended dosage of taurine?
The dosage is 3g a day.
40
What is Cystine?
Cystine is a precursor to Glutathione.
41
What is NAC?
NAC or N-acetyl-cystine is a more stable form of cystine.
42
What are the functions of Cystine?
It is important for liver detox, energy production, and protein synthesis.
43
What does Cystine make with glutamate and Glycine?
It makes glutathione.
44
What is a mucolytic?
A mucolytic is a substance that helps to break down mucus.
45
What conditions is NAC good for?
NAC is good for conditions such as COPD, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, and addiction inflammation.
46
What are proteins made of?
Proteins are chains of amino acids that have an Amino Terminal at one end and a Carboxyl Terminal at the other end.
47
Where does protein digestion begin?
Digestion of protein begins in the mouth with chewing.
48
What happens to protein digestion in the stomach?
In the stomach, gastrin stimulates HCL - which denature proteins. Pepsinogen is released and broken into pepsin, which hydrolyses and breaks the peptide bonds.
49
What role does HCL play in protein digestion?
HCL assists with digestion by triggering pepsinogen to form Pepsin.
50
Where does the main digestion and absorption of protein take place?
The main digestion and absorption of protein takes place in the small intestine.
51
What does the pancreas secrete to assist with protein digestion?
The pancreas secretes Typsinogen, Chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase. protease enzyme startes protein digestion . Hydrolysis - the breaks peptide bonds into Tri peptides and dipeptes
52
What is the role of Enterokinase in protein digestion?
Enterokinase in the small intestine breaks protein down further into smaller proteins of tripeptides, dipeptides, and amino acids.
53
How do amino acids enter the liver?
Amino acids enter the liver via the blood.
54
What is Argentine?
Argentine is a conditionally essential amino acid.
55
Where is Argentine found?
Argentine is found in eggs, nuts, and chocolate.
56
What are the functions of Argentine?
It assists with ammonia disposal, cellular metabolism, and viral replication.
57
Is Argentine suitable for herpes outbreaks?
No, Argentine is not suitable for herpes outbreaks.
58
List factors that influence protein digestion
1. Digestability 2. Stress/adrenals - more stress increases adrenaline, which increases cortisol = more protein requirements 3. Quality of protein eg grass fed, wild caught, organic 4. Insulin - if insulin resistant or diabetic = deficient in protein 5. Is the protein complete ? 6. amount of protein - 3-6 oz a day 7. Growth hormone - prevents muscle loss 8. Cooked & Raw - the more cooked the worse the protein 9. Stomach pH and enzymes 10 drugs such as ant acids PPI's
59
what are anti nutrients
Phytates, trypsin inhibitors (peanuts) tannins (cereals)
60
who has extra protein requirements
elderly, pregnant women, those suffering from illness, athletes , breastfeeding women, children, injury
61
What are the signs of protein deficiency
Muscle wasting , hair and skin changes (weak and easily broken hair and nails) Poor kidney function , enlarged liver, anaemia , Heart burn
62
What is in an amino acid structure
amino roup , carboxyl group side chain and middle carbon atom
63
What does Leucine do in the body
Helps regulate blood sugar levels and produces growth hormones
64
What does the essential amino acid Isoleucine do in the body ?
Essential for the immune system function, haemoglobin production and energy regulation
65
What does the essential amino acid Histadine do tin the body
Produce histamine for regulating the immune response, digestion and sexual function
66
What does the essential amino acid Threonine do in the body
Helps with fat metabolism and immune function .
67
What does the essential amino acid Valine do in the body
Stimulates muscle growth and regeneration .
68
What is transamination
The transfer of a nitrogen group to a keto acid to make a non essential amino acid
69
what vitamin is required for transamination to occur
B6
70
what is deamination
the removal of a nitrogen amino group producing ammonia . the liver converts ammonia to urea via the urea cycle and excretes it through kidneys
71
What are the 3 essential branch chain amino acids
Valine, leucine, Isoleucine - used for energy synthesis, protein synthesis and cell proliferation . benefits include reduced muscle soreness in athletes, muscles loss in elderly and can improve health with liver disease .
72
What factors influence protein digestion
1 Digestibility - 2 Stress/adrenals - more stress = increase in adrenaline/cortisol which increase protein requirements 3 Quality of protein 4 Insulin - 5 complete protein? eggs and meat are complete 6 amount of protein 7 Growth hormone 8 cooked an raw - the more cooked the worse the protein 9 Stomach pH
73
what is maple syrup disease
the inability to breakdown branch chain amino acids - Leucine, isoleucine, and valine Signs include poor feeding, vomiting, irregular rests neurological deterioration and sweet smelling urine - seen in newborns .
74
What is phenylproteinurea?
genetic conditions in newborns that causes the inability to breakdown phenylalanine = toxicity. Treatment is low protein diet supplemented with Tyrosine
75
What foods contain phenylalanine?
Vegemite, lentils, chicken turkey, almonds, eggs cashews

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