Protists and archaea 1

Question 1

define prokaryote

Answer 1

• Single-celled ( no internal membrane-bound organelles
  
  • Rapidly adapt to changing and extreme environments
  • Reproduce rapidly

Question 2

What are Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Answer 2

• Thick cell walls stained deeply
  
  • Can be a sign of antibiotic susceptibility
  • Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner cell wall and a second outer membrane
  • The outer membrane can impede the entry of drugs into the cell

Question 3

What is a capsule

Answer 3

• slime layer
• protects prokaryotes from dehydration
• protects prokaryotes from the immune system

Question 4

What is endospore formation?

Answer 4

• survives in soil
• survival strategy
• • Cells produce copies of DNA, form a multilayer protective structure (coat) , and remove moisture

Question 5

What is a fimbria

Answer 5

• hairline appendages that attach bacteria to stuff (other bacteria and hosts)

Question 6

What is Motility

Answer 6

• Many prokaryotes are capable of taxis (directional movement)
• towards or away from stimuli (oxygen or harmful content)
• Flagella are key for movement
• Prokaryote flagella rotate using complex motor proteins embedded in the cell wall using the proton gradient as a power source

Question 7

What is the internal organisation of prokaryotes?

Answer 7

• lack of complex compartmentalisation
• Some have special membranes
• DNA is not membrane-bound
• have single cellular chromosomes

Question 8

how does bacteria evolutionise quickly

Answer 8

• multiple mutations = consistantly evolving
• rapid reproduction (asexual)

Question 9

what are the 3 bacterial diversities

Answer 9

• enviermental species
• food-associated species
• pathogenic species

Question 10

What is archarea

Answer 10

• halophiles - halo meaning salt
• extremophiles
• thermophiles - live in hot environments
• Anaerobic methanogens - can use CO2 to oxidise H2 ions to produce methane
• chemical/biochemical differences to bacteria

Question 11

What are the 5 types of bacteria

Answer 11

• Spirochetes
  
  • Proteobacteria
  • Cyanobacteria
  • Chlamydia’s
  • Gram positive

Question 12

pathogenic bacteria?

Answer 12

• all known prokaryotes are bacteria
• bacteria causes all known human diseases
• can be transmitted through vectors (insects/fleas)

Question 13

Good things about bacteria?

Answer 13

• beer
• milk
• bio tech research
• genetically engineered to produce vitamins and antibodies

Question 14

whats the anabolic resistance to bacteria

Answer 14

• Rapid rate of reproduction leads to antibiotic resistance
• Broad-scale use and misuse of antibiotics has hastened the process
• Gene resistance can be transferred