Protocols and Models Flashcards
People exchange ideas using many different communication methods. However, all communication methods have the following three elements in common:
-Message source (sender)
-Message Destination (receiver)
-Channel
What is a message source (sender)?
Message sources are people, or electronic devices, that need to send a message to other individuals or devices.
What is a message destination (receiver)?
The destination receives the message and interprets it.
What is a channel?
This consists of the media that provides the pathway over which the message travels from source to destination.
What are protocols?
- Sending a message, whether by face-to-face communication or over a network, is governed by rules called protocols.
-These protocols are specific to the type of communication method being used.
What are the five steps to how communication occurs in a computer network?
-Message source
-Transmitter
-Transmission medium
-Receiver
-Message Destination
Prior to communicating, the devices must agree on how to __________. They must also _______ the message in a way that is understandable.
communicate, format
Before communicating with one another, individuals must use ___________ ____ or __________ to govern the conversation.
established rules, agreements
Messages should be written using _____ (i.e. _________) that are necessary for effective communication.
rules, protocols
Protocols must account for the four following requirements to successfully deliver a message that is understood by the receiver:
-An identified sender and receiver
-Common language and grammar
-Speed and timing of delivery
-Confirmation or acknowledgment requirements
In addition to identifying the ________ and _________, computer and network protocols define the details of how a message is transmitted across a network.
source, destination
Common computer protocols include the five following requirements:
-Message encoding
-Message formatting and encapsulation
-Message size
-Message timing
-Message delivery options
What is encoding?
Encoding is the process of converting information into another acceptable form, for transmission.
What is decoding?
Decoding reverses the process of encoding to interpret the information.
What are the seven steps to encoding and decoding a message across a network?
-Message source
-Encoder
-Transmitter
-Transmission Medium “The Channel”
-Receiver
-Decoder
-Message Destination
Messages sent across the network are first converted into ____ by the sending host.
bits
When a message is sent from ______ to __________, it must use a specific format or structure. ________ _______ depend on the type of message and the channel that is used to deliver the message.
source, destination, Message formats
Similar to sending a letter, a message that is sent over a computer network follows specific _______ _______ for it to be delivered and processed.
format rules
IP is responsible for sending a message from the ________ _______ to _________ over one or more ________.
message source, destination, networks
When a long message is sent from one host to another over a network, it is necessary to break the message into _______ _____.
smaller pieces
The rules that govern the size of the pieces, or ______, communicated across the network are very ______. They can also be _______, depending on the _______ used. Frames that are too long or too short are not _______.
frames, strict, different, delivered
The ____ ___________ of frames require the source host to break a long message into individual pieces that meet both the __________ and _________ size requirements.
size restrictions, minimum, maximum
The long message will be sent in separate ______, with each ______ containing a piece of the ________ _________. Each frame will also have its own __________ __________.
frames, frame, original message, addressing information
At the receiving host, the individual pieces of the message are ___________ into the original message.
reconstructed
Message timing is also very important in network communications. Message timing includes the three following:
-Flow control
-Response timeout
-Access method
What is flow control?
-This is the process of managing the rate of data transmission.
-Defines how much information can be sent and the speed at which it can be delivered.
-There are network protocols used by the source and destination devices to negotiate and manage the flow of information.
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Ex. For example, if one person speaks too quickly, it may be difficult for the receiver to hear and understand the message.
What is response timeout?
-Hosts use network protocols that specify how long to wait for responses and what action to take if a response timeout occurs.
What is access method?
-When a device wants to transmit on a wireless LAN, the WLAN network interface card (NIC) determines whether the wireless medium is available.
What are three types of data communications?
-Unicast
-Multicast
-Broadcast
What is unicast?
Information is being transmitted to a single-end device.
What is multicast?
Information is being transmitted to one or more end devices.
What is broadcast?
Information is being transmitted to all end devices.
Networking documents and topologies often represent networking and end devices using a ______ ______. _____ are typically represented as a ______.
node icon, Nodes, circle
You know that for end devices to be able to communicate over a network, each device must abide by the same ___ ___ ____. These rules are called _______ and they have many functions in a network.
set of rules, protocols
What is a network protocol?
Network protocols define a common format and protocols for exchanging messages between devices.
Protocols are implemented by ___ _______ and __________ ________ in software, hardware, or both.
end devices, intermediary devices
