Protozoa Flashcards
(17 cards)
How did prokaryotes evolve into eukaryotes
- Endosymbiosis
- Small prokaryotic cells were enveloped by larger prokaryotes.
- These cells evolved into mitochondria and chloroplasts as they developed a symbiotic relationship with the host cell.
What 5 characteristics help distinguish different groups of Protozoa
- Mode of movement
- Mode of nutrition
- “Habitat”
- Mode of reproduction
- Possession of distinct organelles
What are the 4 different groups of Protozoa
- Ciliates
- Flagellates
- Apicomplexa
- Amoebae
What is cilia
- Cilia are linked by tubules that form a kinetosome
- Kinetosomes are arranged in rows known as kineties
- Kinetosomes form rows for maxium particle uptake
What are 4 charcteristic of ciliates
- Some ciliates contain a micronucleus and macronuclei
- Oral-groove - to uptake nutrients
- Pellicle - helps keep cilia in neat rows and for feeding
- Radiating canals - regulates the amount of water in cell
What are 5 charcteristics of flagellates
- Eyespot - help movetowards light
- Have many chloroplasts
- Found in freshwater
- Store food as fat or paramylon
- 2 flagellums - non-emergent and emergent
What is the job of pellicle
- Helps keep cilia in neat rows and for feeding
- Allows cell to remain shape
What is the difference between flagella in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
Bacteria:
1. Ring structures embeded
2. flagellin-based
3. no plasma membrane
4. single stranded
5. rotary movements
Eukaryotes:
1. rootless
2. tubulin bases
3. multi-stranded
4. whipping movement
How can eukaryotic cells with no mitochondria generate energy
- Have the presence of bacterial genes that encode enzymes for fermentative metabolism like pyruvate
What is the hypothesis for the origin of amitochondrial protists
- Amitochondrial protists diverged from eukarya lineage prior to
endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria (not related to) - Simply lost the mitochindria
What are 7 chracteristics of apicomplexa
- 4000 subspecies known
- Can infect both invertebrates and vertebrates
- Microneme and rhoptry (secretary vesicles) - aids in hosts cell invasion, produces enzymes
- Polar ring and conoid - maintains distinctive shape, helps to burrow into cells
- no chloroplasts
- Consume nutrients brokendown by enzymes
- Resipration and excretion occur by simple diffusion through cell membrane
What are 5 characteristics of amoebae
- Pseudopodia - for movement and feeding
- Change shape to help engulf food
- Food vacuole - digests food
- Can make many pseudopods - increases surface area and food attaches to pseudopods as it floats by
- Contractile vacuole - excretes water and waste
Diseases caused by protozoa
- malaria
- sleeping sickness
- toxoplasmosis
How are protozoa differentiated from fungi and diatoms
- fungi ahev chitin in cell walls
- fungi are mostly multicellular
- fungi are heterophobic
- Protozoa and fungi require selective toxicity drugs to get rid of them
What are neglected tropical diseases
- A group of diseases that have significant social impact in impoverished areas
- Therefore do not get as much treatment
How are protozoal diseases diagnosed
- Can’t be cultured on agar as they need a host
- Light microscopy
- PCR gel electrophoresis
- Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test
