Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Medicine I > Protozoa & helminths > Flashcards

Protozoa & helminths Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are symptoms of entamoeba/amebiasis?

A

can be asymptomatic, or Intestinal = bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, colitis, fever

2-4 week incubation period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cause of the most severe intestinal destruction of entamoeba/amebiasis?

A

E. histolytica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can severe entamoeba/amebiasis look like?

A

extraintestinal amebiasis and abscesses –> spreading to liver with hepatomegaly, RUQ pain, weight loss, high fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What can progress to necrotizing colitis with intestinal perforation and mucosal sloughing?

A

entamoeba/amebiasis
40% mortality rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some risks of entamoeba/amebiasis?

A

tropical/subtropical crowding, poor sanitation, poor nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is entamoeba/amebiasis transmitted?

A

Ingestion of cysts, fecal-oral, person-person, human excrement, flies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you diagnose intestinal entamoeba/amebiasis?

A
  • stool microscopy
  • stool antigen testing
  • stool PCR**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you diagnose entamoeba/amebiasis hepatic abscesses?

A

US, CT, MRI; anti-amebic antibodies in serum
elevated liver enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you treat entamoeba/amebiasis?

A

metronidazole or tinidazole + luminal agent (diloxanide, iodoquinol, paromomycin)

alternate = tetracycline + chloroquine

surgical aspiration of hepatic abscesses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Naegleria Fowleri?

A

free living amoeba common in lakes and heated swimming pools, soil, sewers, tap water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis and subsequent CNS infection?

A

Naegleria Fowleri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are symptoms of Naegleria Fowleri?

A

5 day incubation and rapidly fatal
* early: headache, fever, stiff neck, lethargy
* 1-2 days later: photophobia, palsies of 3, 4, 6 nerves, N/V, behavioral abnormalities, seizures, AMS
* 7-10 days: coma and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How can you diagnose Naegleria Fowleri?

A

elevated intracranial pressure
CSF: high WBC count, elevated protein, low glucose
motile trophozoites w/ centrifuged CSF wet mount
MRI: extensive edema and necrosis of front lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When should you consider diagnosis of Naegleria Fowleri?

A

w/ purulent meningitis w/o evidence on G staining, antigen detection assay, and culture relevant history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do you treat Naegleria Fowleri?

A

They don’t really know, but it’s a combo of:
* amphotericin b
* rifampin
* fluconazole
* miltefosine
* azithromycin
* steroids

prognosis is poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is giarda?

A

Little flagella in upper small intestine that spreads through a trophozoite and cyst (infectious and can srvive a lot) – through fecal-oral, and water/food contamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s the most common parasitic protozoan infection?

A

giarda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are signs of giarda?

A

acute: profuse and watery, rarely bloody or mucus
50% - asymptomatic
chronic: abdominal cramping, bloating, flatus, malaise, anorexia
no fever or vomiting
Stools = greasy, frothy, foul smelling w/o blood, pus, or mucus
weight loss, malabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What puts someone at risk for giarda?

A

Poor sanitation - young children, outbreaks in households, day care centers, residential facilities:
1) travelers to endemic areas
2) drinking from contaminated water during recreational wilderness travel
3) partners performing anal sex
4) impaired immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do you diagnose giarda?

A

PCR stool assays
antigen stool assays

dx = wet mount of stool w/ mobile trophozoites or cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do you treat giarda?

A

metronidazole, tinidazole

Paromomycin = safe in pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do you prevent giarda?

A

water must be filtered, boil water for 1 minute, disposal of diapers/good hand hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What predisposes you to malaria?

A

history of travel to endemic areas like the tropics, South/Central America, Middle East, India, Southeast Asia and Africa

young children, pregnant patients, travelers w/o exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What’s the most severe strain of malaria?

A

P falciparum with 24-48 hr cyclces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are signs and symptoms of malaria?
acute headache and fatigue to irregular paroxysms and cycles of fever and sweats then, myalgia, arthralgia, cough, chest pain, abdominal pain, anorexia, N/V/D
26
What cycles do the malaria bugs p vivax and ovale have?
48 hour cycles (tertian)
27
What cycle does p malariae have?
72 hr cycles (Quartan)
28
What do convulsions mean in malaria?
CNS progression
29
What will you see in a PE on a malaria patient?
anemia, jaundice, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
30
How do you treat non-falciparum malaria?
chloroquine
31
How do you treat p vivax or p ovale malaria?
chloroquine and primaquine (check for G6PD deficiency!)
32
How do you treat uncomplicated p falciparum malaria?
combo: arthemer-lumefantrin (US) artesunate-amodiaquine (Africa)
33
How do you treat severe malaria?
admission IV/IM artesunate or IV quinine or quinidine, oral ACTs, rectal meds
34
What are signs of severe malaria?
signs of severe illness, organ dysfunction, high parasite load neuro: alteration of consciousness, seizures, coma Severe anemia, hypotension/shock, noncardiogenic pulm edema/ARDS AKI, hypoglycemia, acidosis, hemolysis w/ jaundice, hepatic dysfunction, retinal hemorrhages, bleeding abnormalities, 2ndary bacterial infections
35
How do you diagnose severe malaria?
Giemsa-stained blood smears-repeat 8-24 hr intervals Rapid antigen test = can have false negative
36
What chemoprophylaxis can you offer for malaria?
* chloroquine * malarone * mefloquine * doxycycline
37
What are the four types of toxoplasmosis?
1) asymptomatic, mild febrile illness --> dormant until immunocomp 2) congenital 3) retinnochorditis 4) immunocomp
38
What does regular toxoplasmosis start out as?
1-2 weeks --> mild fever, fatigue, non-tender lymphadenopathy w/ headache, sore throat, rash, mylagias, hepatosplenomegaly
39
What is retinochoroiditis toxoplasmosis?
weeks to years after congenital - affecting retina and choroid of eye -- most commonly late presentation - in teens, young adults - eye pain, photophobia, vision changes, w/o systemic symptoms
40
In who is immunocompromised toxoplasmosis common?
reactivation in AIDs, cancer patients, immunosuppression, drugs *Risk of encephalitis w/ multiple necrotizing brain lesions*
41
How can you diagnose toxoplasmosis?
IgM and/or IgG PCR available, but not reliable tachyzoites and/or cysts in histopathologic examination WITH encephalitis: CT or MRI **ring enhancing lesions**
42
In what is toxoplasmosis common?
CATS
43
How do you treat toxoplasmosis?
No treatment necessary unless pregnant, severe, or affects vision: - pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine w/ folinic acid - OR clindamycin and TMP/SMZ *monitor WBC and platelets weekly*
44
What do you use in 1st trimester pregnancy for toxoplasmosis instead of pyrimethamine?
use spiramycin instead (but must treat baby too)
45
What are signs of congenital toxoplasmosis?
fever, hypothermia, jaundice, V/D, hepatosplenomegaly, pneumonitis, myocarditis, thrombocytopenia, anemia, blueberry muffin rash **chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications**
46
What does congenital toxoplasmosis cause?
spontaneous abortion, stillbirths, severe neonatal disease, neuro manifestations, chorioretinitis (MCS), seizures, psychomotor retardation, deafness, hydrocephalus
47
What are symptoms of trichomoniasis?
male - nongonoccal urethritis, discharge female - vaginitis w/ copious discharge and itching, dysuria, dyspareunia, abdominal pain
48
What would you see on a PE of trichomoniasis?
copious discharge, malodorous, frothy, yellow-green color, punctate hemorrhages "strawberry cervix"
49
How do you diagnose trichomoniasis?
wet mount -- motile organism POC antigen and nucleic acid amplification asays
50
How do you treat trichomoniasis?
metronidazole or tinidazole
51
What are the signs of hookworm (roundworm)?
"ground itch" pruritic, maculopapular at skin penetration --> serpinigous tracks THEN dry cough, wheezing, low fever w/ larvae migration in lungs 1 month later: epigastric pain, diarrhea, anorexia --> anemia and protein malnutrition (pallor, weakness, dyspnea, heart failure, hypoalbuminemia, edema, ascites)
52
Where is hookworm (roundworm)?
most tropical and subtropical areas
53
What's hookworm (roundworm) caused by?
ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus that developed in soil --> penetrates skin --> migrates to body
54
How do you diagnose hookworm (roundworm)?
eggs in feces - Ova and parasite test CBC - microcytic anemia, eosinophilia, hypoalbuminemia occult blood in stool
55
How do you treat hookworm (round worm)?
Alebndazole single dose or mebendazole pyrantel pamoate iron supplements for anemia, blood transfusion endemic = mass treatment of children
56
What type of bacteria can carry a tapeworm (cestode) and is found in beef/pork?
taenia saginata & solium
57
What type of bacteria can carry a tapeworm (cestode) and is found in fish?
diphyllobothrium latum
58
What type of bacteria can carry a tapeworm (cestode) and is found in dwarf?
hymenolepis nana
59
What are symptoms of a cestode of taeniasis?
asymptomatic or nausea, anorexia, epigastric pain, anxiety, headache, dizziness, urticaria
60
What are the symptoms of a cestode of diphyllobothriasis?
asymptomatic or fatigue, diarrhea, numbness, dizziness, allergic symptoms **megaloblastic anemia, B12 deficiency, is key here**
61
What are the key symptoms of a cestode of hymenolepiasis?
asymptomatic or crampy abdominal pain, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, fatigue, pruritus ani anemia, dizziness, irritability, sleep disturbances, seizures, and jaundice
62
How do you diagnose cestodes?
Eggs or proglottids in stool (ova or parasite stool) Usually need 2-3 specimens May have eosinophilia B12 deficiency for diphyllobothriasis
63
What is the treatment for cestodes?
noninvasive = single dose praziquantel alternative = nicolsamide
64
What's the treatment for dwarf cestodes?
increased dose = praziquantel repeat dose after 1 week re-examine stool to check
65
What are the two types of invasive cestode/cysticercosis?
Neurocystericercosis and extraneural
66
What characterizes neurocystericercosis?
* seizures, neuro deficits, altered cogniton, psych disease * intracerebral, subarachnoid, spinal cord lesions, intraventricular cysts * ocular lesions years before symptoms start
67
What characterizes extraneural cysticercosis?
* asymptomatic nodules, with discomfort when inflamed * MC include muscle/subq tissue involvement
68
What causes invasive cestodes?
T. solium direct human-fecal contamination
69
How do you diagnose invasive cestodes?
* Neuroimaging * CT & MRI: multiple parenchymal cysts, calcification * ELISA and immunoblot assays * brain biopsy * excisional biopsy of skin or muscle lesion
70
How do you treat neurocysticercosis?
albendazole, praziquantel, adjunctive corticosteroids
71
When should antiparasitic therapy not be administered to treat neurocysticercosis?
* untreated hydrocephalus * high cyst burden w/ diffuse cerebral edema * presence of calcififed lesions
72
How do you treat extraneural invasive cestodes?
NSAIDs, excision for symptomatic solitary lesions
73
What is echinococcosis (tapeworm)?
large cystic lesions in liver or lung (any organ) asymptomatic, often found incidentally cysts can rupture = severe allergic reaction w/ fever & hypotension may have = abdominal pain, chest pain, biliary obstruction, cholangitis, portal hypertension, cirrhosis, bronchial obstruction
74
What causes echinococcosis?
canine feces w/ parasite eggs, granulosus and multicularis
75
How do you diagnose echinococcosis?
imaging: US or CT - large cyst w/ daughter cysts IgG ELISA assay - most sensitive confirmatory
76
How can you treat echinococcosis?
long course of albendazole
77
What indicates enterobiasis (pinworm)?
nighttime perianal itching insomnia, restlessness, enuresis, impetigo, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting
78
How do you diagnose enterobiasis?
worms found on skin, NOT on stool "Tape test" -- microscopic exam, best done at night right before bathing and in the morning repeat over 3 days
79
How do you treat enterobiasis?
albendazole, mebendazole pyrantel pamoate 1 dose wash all bedding!

Clinical Medicine I (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions