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Parasitoloy Lec + Lab 1st Shifting > Protozoans > Flashcards

Protozoans Flashcards

1
Q

MOT and habitat or E. histolytica

A

MOT: ingestion of infective cyst
Habitat: Large intestine

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2
Q

The only pathogenic amoeba

A

E. histolytica

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2
Q

Number of nucleus of E. histolytica

A

Cyst: 4
Troph: 1

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2
Q

Described as clean-looking cytoplasm

A

E. histolytica trophozoite

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3
Q

Distribution of peripheral chromatin in E. histolytica

A

Evenly distributed

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4
Q

The only hematophagus amoeba

A

E. histolytica trophozoite

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5
Q

Appearance of chromatoidal bar of E. histolytica

A

cigar/sausage-shaped

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5
Q

Motility of E. histolytica trophozoite

A

Unidirectional, progressive

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5
Q

E. histolytica look-alikes

A

E. dispar
E. moshkovskii
E. bangladeshi

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6
Q

Virulence factor of E. histolytica

A

GalNac Lectin (for attachment), amoebapores (for holes), cysteine proteinases (for tissue disruption)

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7
Q

Used for differentiation of E. histolytica and E. dispar

A

ELISA

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8
Q

Drug of choice for E. histolytica for symptomatic px

A

Metronidazole

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9
Q

Drug of choice for E. histolytica for asymptomatic px

A

Diloxanide Furoate

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10
Q

Alternative drug for E. histolytica

A

Iodoquinol

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11
Q

Incubation period of E. histolytica

A

1-4 weeks

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12
Q

What are the commensal amebae?

A

E. coli, E. hartmanni, E. polecki, E. chattonii, E. nana, I. butschlii, E. gingivalis

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13
Q

Described as dirty-looking cytoplasm

A

E. coli troph

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14
Q

Appearance of chromatoidal bar of E. coli cyst

A

Splinter/broom stick shape

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15
Q

Motility of E. coli troph

A

Non-directional, non-progressive

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16
Q

Number of nuclei of E. coli

A

Cyst: 8
Troph: 1

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17
Q

Small race of E. histolytica

A

E. hartmanni

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18
Q

Number of nuclei of E. hartmanni

A

Cyst: 1-2
Troph: 1

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19
Q

Motility of E. hartmanni

A

Sluggish, non-progressive

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20
Q

Amoeba of pigs and monkeys

A

E. polecki

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21
Q

Number of nuclei of E. polecki

A

Cyst & Troph: 1

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22
Q

E. polecki is the most common parasite in ____

A

Papua New Guinea

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23
Q

Motility of E. polecki

A

Unidirectional, progressive, sluggish

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24
Q

Seen in apes and monkeys

A

E. chattoni

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25
Q

E. chattoni is morphologically similar to _____

A

E. polecki

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26
Q

Smallest intestinal amebae

A

E. nana

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27
Q

Number of nuclei of E. nana

A

Cyst: 4
Troph: 1

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28
Q

Has cross-eyed karyosome

A

E. nana

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29
Q

Appearance of chromatin in E. nana trophozoite

A

blunt and hyaline pseudopodia

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30
Q

Motility of E. nana troph

A

Unidirectional, non-progressive, sluggish
movement

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31
Q

Has a “basket of flowers” appearance

A

I. butschlii

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32
Q

Additional structure of I. butschlii

A

Glycogen vacuole

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33
Q

Amoeba that has no cyst stage

A

E. gingivalis

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34
Q

Also found in tartar, gingival pockets of teeth, and tonsillar crypts (of unhealthy mouths, but may also be in healthy mouths)

A

E. gingivalis

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35
Q

First amoeba in man

A

E. gingivalis

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35
Q

E. gingivalis is non-pathogenic, but can be seen in patients with _____

A

Pyorrhea alveolaris (gum infections)

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36
Q

The infective stage of free-living pathogenic amebae

A

Trophozoite

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37
Q

Found in inhabiting lakes, pools, tap water, air conditioning units, and heating units

A

Free-living pathogenic amebae

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38
Q

Target of free-living pathogenic amebae

A

CNS; brain tissue and CSF can be examined

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39
Q

Only Naegleria species that can infect humans

A

Naegleria fowleri

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40
Q

What does thermophilic mean?

A

thrive best in hot springs and other warm aquatic environments

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41
Q

Forms of N. fowleri

A

Cyst: spherical and single-walled
Troph: 1 nucleus, large & dense karyosome, cytoplasm is granular
Amoeboid form: limax-form (slug-like)
Ameboflagellate: 2 anterior flagella

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42
Q

Virulence factor of N. fowleri

A

Amebostomes (food cups)

43
Q

Other pathogenic determinant of N. fowleri

A

▪ Secretion of lytic enzymes
▪ Membrane pore-forming proteins
▪ Induction of apoptosis
▪ Direct feeding of the ameba

43
Q

Treatment and prevention of N. fowleri

A

Amphotericin B with Clotrimazole

44
Q

Most common Acanthamoeba spp.

A

A. castellani

45
Q

Entry of Acanthamoeba spp.

A

eyes, nasal passages to the lower respiratory tract, or ulcerated or broken skin

46
Q

Acanthamoeba spp. is a possible reservoir host of medically important bacteria such as _____

A

Legionella spp., mycobacteria and gram-negative bacili (E. coli)

47
Q

Trophozoite that as a “spring projection of the pseudopod”

A

Acanthamoeba spp.

48
Q

Appearance of the walled cyst of Acanthamoeba spp.

A

Outer wall: wrinkled
Inner wall: polygonal

49
Q

Acanthamoeba was first described in _____ as a/an _____

A

1974; opportunistic ocular surface pathogen

50
Q

Symptoms: severe ocular pain, blurring vision, corneal ulceration with progressive corneal
infiltration

A

Acanthamoeba Keratitis

51
Q

Acanthamoeba Keratitis can be mistaken for _____

A

Herpes keratitis (herpes has no ocular pain)

52
Q

Caused by Acanthamoeba spp., usually occurs in immunocompromised hosts (chronically ill and debilitated patients, those on
immunosuppressive agents like chemotherapy and antirejection medications)

A

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)

53
Q

Incubation period of Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)

A

10 days

54
Q

Signs and symptoms of Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)

A

destruction of brain tissue, meningeal irritation, fever, malaise, anorexia,
increased sleeping time, severe headache, mental status changes, epilepsy, and coma

55
Q

Caused by Acanthamoeba spp., common in AIDS patients and which the parasite enters through skin

A

Cutaneous lesions

56
Q

Cutaneous lesions can be distinguished by the presence of _____

A

Hard erythematous nodules or skin lesions

57
Q

New species causing amebic meningoencephalitis; also causes Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)

A

Balamuthia mandrillaris

57
Q

True or false. GAE is commonly diagnosed through the analysis of CSF

A

False. It is rarely demonstrated in CSF

57
Q

Cyst and trophozoite appearance of B. mandrillaris

A

Cyst: wavy appearance
Troph: branching

58
Q

Other free-living amoeba that causes amebic encephalitis

A

Sappinia diploidea
Hartmanella vermiformis

59
Q

Flagellates that do not inhibit the large intestine

A

G. lamblia (small intestine), T. vaginalis (urogenital), T. tenax (mouth)

60
Q

Flagellates that do not undergo encystation

A

Trichomons spp., D. fragilis

61
Q

Non-commensal flagellates

A

G. lamblia, D. fragilis, T. vaginalis

62
Q

Flagella is attached to the _____ found on the body of the parasite

A

blepharoplast

63
Q

Giardia lamblia is also known as _____

A

G. duodenalis and G. intestinalis

64
Q

How many cyst does it take for a person to be infected with G. lamblia?

A

8-10 cyst

65
Q

What pH does G. lamblia prefer?

A

Alkaline = 7.8-8.2

66
Q

Number of nuclei of G. lamblia

A

Cyst: 4
Trop: 2

67
Q

Virulence factor of G. lamblia

A

Ventral sucking discs

68
Q

Energy structure of G. lamblia

A

Median/parabasal bodies

69
Q

Appearance of parabasal body of G. lamblia

A

Clawhammer shape

70
Q

Incubation period of G. lamblia

A

1-4 weeks

71
Q

Motility of G. lamblia

A

Falling Leaf Motility

72
Q

Drug of choice for G. lamblia

A

Metronidazole

73
Q

True or false. Chlorine can kill G. lamblia cyst

A

False. Iodine is used to disinfect water

74
Q

A flagellate usually ingested with Enterobius and Ascaris

A

D. fragilis

75
Q

Number of nuclei of D. fragilis

A

Troph: 2 (hence DIentamoeba)

76
Q

Appearance of pseudopodia of D. fragilis troph

A

Angular

77
Q

Fixation of D. fragilis

A

PVA or Schaudinn’s solution

78
Q

Drug of choice of D. fragilis

A

Iodoquinol

79
Q

Commensal parasite of the colon (specifically the cecal region)

A

Chilomastix mesnili

79
Q

Shape of C. mesnili troph

A

Pyriform, pear-shaped

79
Q

Shape of C. mesnili cyst

A

American lemon, nipple-shaped

79
Q

With hyaline knob

A

C. mesnili cyst

79
Q

Has cytostomal fibril that has a shepherd’s crook appearance

A

C. mesnili troph

79
Q

Has a bird’s beak appearance

A

R. intestinalis cyst

79
Q

Has a cleft-like cytostome

A

R. intestinalis

79
Q

Motility of C. mesnili

A

Boring/Rotary/Corkscrew

79
Q

Has a jerky motility

A

E. hominis

80
Q

Number of nuclei of E. hominis

A

Cyst: 2-4
Troph: 1

80
Q

Most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection

A

Trichomoniasis (causative agent: T. vaginalis)

80
Q

Shape of T. vaginalis troph

A

Pyriform, Pear-shaped

80
Q

Motility of R. intestinalis

A

Jerky motility

81
Q

Motility of T. vaginalis

A

Jerky tumbling

81
Q

Has undulating membrane for movement

A

T. vaginalis

81
Q

Also known as paraxostylar granules

A

Siderophil granules

81
Q

Where is the undulating membrane found

A

Lateral portion

81
Q

Effect of T. vaginalis to infants

A

Neonatal pneumonia

81
Q

Incubation period of T. vaginalis

A

4-28 days

82
Q

How is T. tenax diagnosed?

A

Swabbing tarter between teeth, gingival margin, or tonsillar crypts

82
Q

Smallest among the Trichomonas species

A

T. tenax

82
Q

Treatment of T. tenax

A

Metronidazole

83
Q

Largest protozoan infecting man

A

B. coli

84
Q

Function of micronucleus and macronucleus

A

micro: sexual reproduction
macro: asexual reproduction + vegetative function

85
Q

Extrusive organelles in B. coli located beneath cell membrane

A

Mucocysts

86
Q

The oral apparatus of B. coli

A

Cytostome

87
Q

Function of contractile vacuoles in B. coli

A

Osmoregulation

88
Q

Incubation period of B. coli

A

4-5 days

89
Q

Shape of ulcers caused by B. coli

A

Flask-shaped (wider and rounded)

90
Q

3 clinical manifestations of B. coli

A

Asymptomatic, Acute Cases (Fulminant Balantidiasis), Chronic cases

Parasitoloy Lec + Lab 1st Shifting (4 decks)

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