Protozoans Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
2 types of parasite
A
Protozoa (unicellular) and Metozoa (multicellular)
2
Q
Types of Protozoa
A
Sarcondina (amoebas)
Mastigapora (flagellates)
Cilliata (ciliates)
Sporozoa
3
Q
Types of Metozoa
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Platyhelminthes
Nemahelminthes
4
Q
Types of Platyhelminthes
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Cestodes (tapeworm)
Trematodes (flukes)
5
Q
Single celled eukaryotes.
No cell wall, instead periplast (cell-wall like).
Contains 1 or several nuclei.
A
PROTOZOA
6
Q
Endoplasm contain food preserve, food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, and chromatoidal bodies.
A
PROTOZOA
7
Q
With special organs for locomotion: pseudopodia, cilia, undulating membrane or flagella.
A
PROTOZOA
8
Q
Both free living and parasitic.
A
PROTOZOA
9
Q
Protozoa 2 regions of the cytoplasm
A
ectoplasm ( outer) and endoplasm (inner).
10
Q
Organ of Locomotion for Sarcodina (amoeba)
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Pseudopods
11
Q
Organ of Locomotion for Mastigapora (flagellates)
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Flagella
12
Q
Organ of Locomotion for Ciliata (ciliates)
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Cilia
13
Q
Organ of Locomotion for Sporozoa
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None
14
Q
Use pseudopodia for locomotion.
A
CLASS RHIZOPODA (amoeba)
15
Q
the only pathogenic amoeba.
A
Entamoeba Histolytica
16
Q
Motile. Can be progressive or non-progressive.
Non infective stage.
Feeding and vegetative stage.
Found in diarrhea and liquid stool.
Can be destroyed by iodine.
Encystation: trophozoite to cyst formation at the large intestine.
The endplasm may contain rbc, bacteria or vacuoles
A
Tropozoite
17
Q
amoeba that does not reside the large intestine
A
Entamoeba Gingivalis
18
Q
Ovoid or spherical shape.
Non-motile stage.
Cytoplasm has presence of chromatoidal bodies.
Non feeding stage, infective stage.
Found in formed stools.
Excystation: cyst to trophozoite formation at the small intestine.
A
Cyst
19
Q
Types of Rhyzopodia Amoebas
A
Entamoeba Histolytica
Entamoeba Coli
Entamoeba Gingivalis
Entamoeba Hartmanni
Iodoamoeba Butschlii
Endolimax Nana
20
Q
Diseases linked with Entamoeba Histolytica
A
Amoebiasis,
Amoebic dysentery,
Amoebic hepatitis
21
Q
Other names for Entamoeba Histolytica
A
Amoeba coli,
Entamoeba dispan,
Entamoeba dysenteriae,
Amoeba dysenteriae.
22
Q
Progressive/directional motion.
Finger like dendritic pseudopodia
Endoplasm contains RBC’s but no bacteria
Nucleus: thin nuclear membrane with layer of uniformed sized fine chromatin granules
Karyosome: fine centrally located ( bull’s eye)
A
Entamoeba Histolytica (Trophozoite)
23
Q
Centrally located karyosome
Coffin shaped or sausage shape chromatoidal bars
Contains 4 nuclei.
Remains viable for 12 days in moist cool environment and 9-30 days in water.
A
Entamoeba Histolytica (Cyst)
24
Q
Pathogenic which can invade tissues
A
large race E. Histolytica
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Sign and symptoms:
Abdominal tenderness with diarrhea to dysentery which lasted for several days.
Prolong infection causes excessive lost of water and electrolytes that result to damage to large intestine.
Peritonitis occurs when intestinal walls is perforated due to bacterial invasion.
Bleeding due to ulceration of colon.
Pathogenesis (E. Histolytica.)
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Non-pathogenic-____ E. Histolytica.
small race E. Histolytica.
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Inflammation of the liver due to extraintestinal invasion of E. Histolytica. Clinical presentations are hepatomegaly, fever and leucocytosis.
Amoebic hepatitis-
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Most common in tropic and sub-tropic areas example Philippines.
Amoebic hepatitis
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Chromatoidal bodies resemble rice grain-shape or thin fan-like.
Eccentric karyosome.
ENTAMOEBA HARTMANNI
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Small race E. histolytica
Trophozoite does not ingest RBCs
Causes only mild abdominal infection to human.
ENTAMOEBA HARTMANNI
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Other name for ENTAMOEBA HARTMANNI
E. minuta,
E. minutissima
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Other name for ENTAMOEBA COLI
Amoeba coli,
Endamoeba hominis,
Laschia coli.
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Moves at different direction/ sluggish motion
Several small pseudopods.
Endoplasm contains bacteria and food vacuoles.
ENTAMOEBA COLI (trophozoite)
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Nucleus consist of thicker nuclear membrane with layer of variously sized chromatin granules unevenly distributed.
Large eccentrically located nucleus.
ENTAMOEBA COLI (trophozoite)
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Eccentric karyosome.
Chromatoidal bars is like splinter-like needles “witch broomstick”.
Contains 8 nuclei
ENTAMOEBA COLI (cyst)
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Resides in the large intestine.
Smallest amoeba ( RBC in size).
Sluggish movement.
ENDOLIMAX NANA
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Karyosome: large round dot.
Cyst: oval and contains 4 nuclei.
Comma shaped chromatoidal bodies
ENDOLIMAX NANA
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Other name for ENDOLIMAX NANA
Entamoeba nana,
Endolimax intestinalis
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Other name for IODAMOEBA BUTSCHLII
E. williamsi,
E. butschlii,
Iodine cyst,
Endolimax. williamsi
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Progressive direction
Karyosome: large irregular and rounded with a cluster of acromatic granules
IODAMOEBA BUTSCHLII
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Inhabits the intestine of human and pigs.
Cyst contain glycogen vacuoles appears a golden-brown by D’ Antoni’s.
Non-pathogenic.
IODAMOEBA BUTSCHLII
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Other name for ENTAMOEBA GINGIVALIS
A. gingivalis,
A. buccalis,
E. buccalis
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Found in the mouth
Pseudopodia is the same with E. Histolytica but does not exhibit progressive movement.
ENTAMOEBA GINGIVALIS
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Small and centrally located karyosome.
Cytoplasm contains food vacuole with leukocytes and bacteria.
No cystic stage.
Transmitted through kissing, droplets, contaminated utensils.
ENTAMOEBA GINGIVALIS
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Other entamoeba species
Entamoeba dispar
Entamoeba moshkovskii
Entamoeba polecki
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Unicellular organism that posses flagella a whip like or thread-like organelles for locomotion.
Can be free-living or parasitic.
MASTIGAPHORA (flagellate)
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Neuromotor apparatus: kinetoplast consist of blepharoplasty and parabasal body.
MASTIGAPHORA (flagellate)
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Resides in small intestine except trichomonas tenax (oral cavity) and trichomonas vaginalis (vagina).
MASTIGAPHORA (flagellate)
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Digestive tract and organ flagellates
Chilomastix mesnilli
Giardia lamblia
Trichomas vaginalis, T. tenax and T. hominis
Enteromonas hominis
Embadomonas intestinalis
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Blood and tissue flagellate (LEISHMANIA)
L. Tropica
L. Braziliensis
L. Donovani
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Blood and tissue flagellates (TRYPANOSOMA)
T. rhodiense
T. gambiense
T. cruzi
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Pear shape, bilaterally symmetrical
With sucking disk
4 pairs of flagella
2 nuclei with large karyosome
Giardia lamblia (Trophozoite)
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Falling leaf, rapid, jerky, twisting, kite-like motility.
Old mans face/old man with eyeglasses appearance.
The only bilaterally symmetrical protozoan.
Giardia lamblia (Trophozoite)
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2-4 nuclei, foot ball shape
Giardia lamblia (Cyst)
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Diseases for Giardia Lamblia
Giardiasis,
Lambliasis
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Symptoms:
Abdominal pain
Diarhhea
Gastro enteritis in children
Steatorrhea ( fatty diarhhea)
Giardiasis,
Lambliasis
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Large spherical nucleus (eccentrically located).
Spiral groove curving across the body
3 anterior flagella 1 with n the cytosome
Corkscrew, jerky, clockwise or twisting appearance.
Chilomastix mesnili (Trophozoite)
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Lemon to oval shape or nipple-like with protrusion in 1 end.
“Shepherd’s crook appearance”
Non-pathogenic.
Chilomastix mesnili (Cyst)
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In trohozoite form only
Pear shaped
With undulating membrane
Motility: jerking and tumbling
Trichomonas
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The largest among the trichomonas.
Trichomonas vaginalis
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Contain siderophil granules in the cytoplasm.
Trichomonas vaginalis
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Ovoid shape
Found in genitals
4 anterior flagella and 1 posterior.
Trichomonas vaginalis
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Transmission: sexual intercourse
Other organs of the genito-urinary tract can be infected.
Asymptomatic in male.
Trichomonas vaginalis
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The smallest trichomonas.
4 equal in length anterior flagella.
Undulating membrane is short.
Found in the oral cavity.
Trichomonas Tenax
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Vaginal infection: inflammation, itchiness, pain, and excessive production of mucous.
Trichomonas vaginalis
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Non-pathogenic.
3-5 anterior flagella.
Long undulating membrane.
Wave-like motility.
Resides in the large intestine.
Trichomonas hominis
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Formerly belong to amoeba, but genetically belong to trichomonas.
DIENTAMOEBA FRAGILIS
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Causes primary amoebic menigoencephalitis (PAM).
Naegleria fowleri.
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Trophozoite stage only
No external flagella
Binucleated, centrally located karyosome.
Coinfection of Enterobius vermicularis
DIENTAMOEBA FRAGILIS
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Can be amoeba or flagellate in form.
Trophozoite assumes limax form to become amoeboflagelatte.
Acquire through diving or swimming during hot weather.
Naegleria fowleri.
70
Causes keratitis due to contact lenses
Causes granulomatous encephalitis (GAE)
Acantamoeba
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Coexist of legionella pneumophilia
Hartmannella
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free-living amoeba that resides in CNS.
Opportunistic Amoeba-
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HEMOFLAGELLATES affects
blood, lymph nodes and muscles.
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round to oval with 1 eccentric nucleus, No flagella.
Amastigote
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4 stages of Hemoflagellates
Amastigote
Promastigote
Epimastigote
Trypomastigote
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long, slender with 1 centrally located nucleus. Single flagellum from the anterior. No undulating membrane.
Promastigote
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long and slender C, S, U shape. 1 anterior located nucleus. Presence of undulating membrane and flagellum.
Trypomastigote
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long slightly wider than promatigote with 1 posterior located nucleus. Distinct undulating membrane.
Epimastigote
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Causes of African sleeping sickness.
Trypanosoma
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Affects blood, lymph nodes, and CNS resulting to Meningoencephalitis that leads to comatose.
Trypanosoma
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Pathology: Winterbottoms sign, Kerandels sign, Somnolence, and comatose.
Trypanosoma
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Transmission of Trypanosoma
Insect Bite
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Vector of Trypanosoma
Riverine Tsetse fly (Glossina ssp.)
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Habitat: blood, lympnodes and CNS
Vector: Glossina Palpalis, G. Tachinoides
Cause Chronic infection.
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
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West African Sleeping Sickness
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
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East African Sleeping sickness.
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
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American trypanosomiasis, Chaga’s disease, Romanas sign.
Trypanosoma cruzi
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Vector: Glossina morsitans, and G. palpalis
Causes acute infection- fatal than gambiense.
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
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Habitat: RTE, cardiac muscle and CNS.
Vector: Kissing bug or Reduviid bug, Assassin bug.
Pathology: Romanas sign, cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, megacolon.
Trypanosoma cruzi
88
Vector: Sandfly (phlebotomus spp.)
Diagnostic stage in man: amastigote.
Culture media: Novy Nicole Mcneal(NNN).
Montenegro test: used for screening.
Leishmania
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Diseases for Leishmania Donovani
Visceral leishmaniasis,
Kala-azar,
Dumdum fever,
Black fever,
Death fever,
Tropical splenomegaly.
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Habitat: RTE, liver, spleen, BM, visceral lymp nodes and marcophages
Vector: Phlebotomus Argentipes
Pathology: Splenomegaly with anemia
Leishmania donovani
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Diseases for Leishmania Tropica
Allepo button,
Baghdad or Jericho boil,
Delhi ulcer.
Oriental sore
Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
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Trypanosoma brucei gambiense other names
Trypanosoma ugandense
T. hominis
T. nigeriense
Castellanella gambiense
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Diseases for Balantidium coli
Balantidiasis, Balantidial dysentery.
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Largest parasitic protozoa
Balantidium coli
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Natural host: pig
Habitat: large intestine
Pathology: abdominal discomfort with dysentery
Balantidium coli
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ovoid or sac shape covered by cilia. Cytoplasm contain macronucleus, micronucleus and food vacuoles. type of cilate
Balantidium coli
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double walled enclosing cilia (infective stage) type of ciliate
Balantidium coli
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Obligate intracellular parasite.
No definite locomotion.
Asexual and sexual life cycle.
SPOROZOA
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Plasmodium species
P. falciparum- most common in the phil.
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae
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most common Plasmodium species in the phil.
P. falciparum
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most important disease of human on a worldwide scale
Malaria
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Definitive host: Mosquito
Intermediate host: Man
Infective stage: Sporozoites
Vector: Anopheles mosquito (female)
Asexual cycle: Schizogony (man)
Sexual cycle: Sporogony (mosquito)
Plasmodium
102
spore-forming stage of plasmodium that produce sporozoites. Occurs in mosquito.
Sporogony
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asexual reproduction of plasmodium releasing merozoites. Occurs in man.
Schizogony
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trophozoite form of protozoan that invades red blood cells, it can become asexual or sexual form.
Merozoites
105
sexual stage of plasmodium, these mediate the transmission of malaria from infected human to mosquito.
Gametocyte
106
Types of Gametocyte
macrogametocyte (female) and microgametocyte (male)
107
union of gametocytes in mosquito producing sporozoites
Oocyst
