PS

Question 1

Mediating vs Moderating variable

Answer 1

A moderator variable is one that influences the strength of a relationship between two other variables, and a mediator variable is one that explains the relationship between the two other variables.

Question 2

Social constructionism asserts that people develop understandings and knowledge of the world through interactions with other people, and that the mediating force in this interaction is primarily _____

Answer 2

langauge

Question 3

3 components of emotion

Answer 3

physiological arousal (how your body reacts to emotions, emotional information or stimuli), expressive displays (how you express your emotions), and subjective experiences (how you feel and interpret your emotions,

Question 4

___ reinforcement schedules tend to produce the highest response rates that are the most resistant to extinction

Answer 4

Variable ratio

Question 5

Criterion validity refers to whether a variable is able to

Answer 5

Criterion validity refers to whether a variable is able to predict a certain outcome

Question 6

construct validity refers to the manner in which ___

Answer 6

the terms of the study are defined.

Question 7

Prejudice is an attitude based on ___, stereotyping is a ____

Answer 7

Emotions, cognitive thought

Question 8

illness experience is what perspective?

Answer 8

symbolic interactionist

Question 9

Compliance vs conformity

Answer 9

Compliance is where you maintain your own stance privately, conformity is where your stance aligns with the group

Question 10

Weber’s law postulates that there is a __ relationship,between the intensity of a stimulus and its detection.

Answer 10

Weber’s law postulates that there is a linear relationship, not a nonlinear relationship, between the intensity of a stimulus and its detection.

Question 11

Explicit attitudes are_________ attitudes.

Answer 11

Explicit attitudes are conscious attitudes.

Question 12

mastery of conservation is the criterion for entering the concrete operations stage, which starts at approximately ____ and ends around ____ years.

Answer 12

mastery of conservation is the criterion for entering the concrete operations stage, which starts at approximately 7 years and ends around 11 to 12 years.

Question 13

cognitive aspect of attitude includes what two things

Answer 13

ideas and beliefs

Question 14

Acquisition vs Shaping

Answer 14

Acquisition: explains the initial phase of acquiring a behavior and applies to BOTH classical and operant conditioning

Shaping: a procedure of continuous reinforcement to help the subject acquire a behavior that ONLY applies to operant conditioning

Question 15

____ refers to change in social identity (employed to unemployed e.g.) but maintains status (i.e. same income)

Answer 15

Horizontal mobility refers to change in social identity (employed to unemployed e.g.) but maintains status (i.e. same income)

Question 16

_____ is the process by which one group (the dominant group) designates another (a subordinate group) with a racial identity.

Answer 16

Racialization

Question 17

________is a microsociological perspective of human interactions, which proposes that any given interaction between people is the result of a calculated effort by all parties to maximize personal benefit and minimize

Answer 17

Social exchange theory

Question 18

The halo effect?

Answer 18

The halo effect, which is an attributional error that occurs when an individual with a positive quality (eg, physical attractiveness) is assumed to have other positive qualities (eg, intelligence)

Question 19

Normal memory decay (or forgetting) follows a characteristic pattern: ?

Answer 19

the initial rate of decay is highest right after the material is first learned, then plateaus over time.

Question 20

Shadowing

Answer 20

in cognitive testing, a task in which a participant repeats aloud a message word for word at the same time that the message is being presented, often while other stimuli are presented in the background.

Question 21

Verbal inputs go where in brain

Answer 21

opposite hemisphere and then in the left for processing

Question 22

Social reproduction

Answer 22

passing off social status to kids

Question 23

distal vs proximal stimuli

Answer 23

distal stimuli are objects and events out in the world about you. proximal stimuli are the patterns of stimuli from these objects and events that actually reach your senses (eyes, ears, etc.)

Question 24

psychophysical testing methods (

Answer 24

psychophysical testing methods (such as the Method of Limits) directly assess our perception of stimuli in relation to their true physical properties.

Question 25

In operant conditioning studies, the subject’s motivational state is most typically operationally defined by:

Answer 25

deprive subject of desirable stimulus

Question 26

If a memory is recalled with intrusions, and those intrusions are consistent this may be false information being encoded, however if say this is the second time recalling and now new intrusions have come up, this would be due to _____

Answer 26

memory reconstruction

Question 27

Emotional arousal causes a restriction of attention focus to _____

Answer 27

central details

Question 28

REM rebound?

Answer 28

REM rebound behavior refers to the increased frequency, depth, and intensity of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep following sleep deprivation or significant stressors.

Question 29

Self fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 29

Phenomenon where ones own or others' expectations, especially negative ones influence the outcome and ultimately lead to the original expectation

Question 30

heart disease is associated with ___ which can cause anger and hostility

Answer 30

Negative stressors

Question 31

Dichotic listening task

Answer 31

The dichotic listening tasks involves simultaneously sending one message to a person's right ear and a different message to their left ear. Participants were asked to listen to both messages at the same time and repeat what they heard.

Question 32

NMDA receptor ligand

Answer 32

glutamate

Question 33

self-verification

Answer 33

refers to the tendency to seek out (and agree with) information that is consistent with one’s self-concept

Question 34

Which neurotransmitter involved in both mood and appetite?

Answer 34

Serotonin

Question 35

Incentive theory focuses on _____ motivation

Answer 35

external

Question 36

When do infants start feeling stranger anxiety?

Answer 36

around 8 months of age

Question 37

negative priming and decline in verbal fluency seen in which cognitive disease?

Answer 37

Alzheimers

Question 38

Priming uses what memory and why

Answer 38

Implicit | priming occurs when exposure to a stimulus influences the response to another stimulus

Question 39

Novel information requires _____ effort to understand

Answer 39

conscious

Question 40

In signal detection theory, the detection of a stimulus is dependent on what two things?

Answer 40

Signal intensity and individuals mental state

Question 41

Agents of socialization can impress or alter _____ for an individual

Answer 41

Norms

Question 42

Sanctions

Answer 42

can be good or bad reward or punishment form of external incentive

Question 43

Me component acts according to

Answer 43

social norms

Question 44

Discriminating stimuli

Answer 44

when many stimuli are similar but make u react differently

Question 45

Extrinsic motivation refers to

Answer 45

any motivation that results from incentives (promotion, candy) to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself. External motivation is described as social pressure, which is an example of extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic is more broad

Question 46

Humanistic theory propronents

Answer 46

``` Carl rogers ideal self and actual self importance of congruency between self concept and actions self actualization inherent human goodness CONSCIOUS EFFORT ```

Question 47

Incongruency refers to

Answer 47

diff between ideal and actual self

Question 48

Observer bias

Answer 48

(also called experimenter bias or research bias) is the tendency to see what we expect to see, or what we want to see. When a researcher studies a certain group, they usually come to an experiment with prior knowledge and subjective feelings about the group being studied.

Question 49

The maladaptiveness criterion

Answer 49

takes into account whether the behavior negatively impacts the person’s life or poses a threat to others.

Question 50

A stimulus motive is defined as

Answer 50

a motive that appears to be innate but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. These motives are not necessary for survival

Question 51

Psychodynamic is related to

Answer 51

childhood experiences and personality

Question 52

Indep vs paired t sample test

Answer 52

An independent samples t-test is conducted when researchers wish to compare mean values of two groups paired samples t-test is used if the results came from the same participants

Question 53

Before working memory comes ____ memory according to Baddeley’s model of working memory

Answer 53

sensory

Question 54

General paresis, also known as general paralysis of the insane or paralytic dementia, is a neuropsychiatric disorder affecting the brain, caused by ____

Answer 54

late-stage syphilis

Question 55

Neuroleptics vs atypical antipsychotics, which is better and why

Answer 55

Neuroleptics (antipsychotics) block positive symptoms but heighten negative ones atypical antipsychotics tend to only reduce positive ones while not exacerbating negative ones (better)

Question 56

Sleepwalking, bedwetting, night terrors in which sleep stage?

Answer 56

4

Question 57

Positive vs negative priming

Answer 57

Positive priming speeds up the reaction to the stimulus, while negative priming slows down the reaction to the stimulus

Question 58

___ is the system that manipulates and processes information and focuses attention.

Answer 58

working memory

Question 59

Base rate fallacy

Answer 59

Base rate fallacy is incorrectly judging a situation, like not considering all info at your disposal

Question 60

Tonic receptors do what and found where

Answer 60

Tonic receptors are sensory receptors that continue to produce action potentials throughout the duration of a stimulus --> limited to the peripheral nervous system and are not found in the brain

Question 61

Chronic sympathetic activation can compromise _____

Answer 61

reproductive and immune functioning

Question 62

Operational span testing:

Answer 62

testing of the capacity of working memory; researchers alternate between presenting a word to be remembered, then asking participants to verify a simple math equation (to interrupt rehearsal), after which the participants are tested to see how many words they remember

Question 63

Multitasking affected by what three things

Answer 63

task similarity, difficulty, and practice

Question 64

when a response results in escape from an aversive stimulus, it is an example of what reinforcement

Answer 64

negative reinforcement

Question 65

encoding specificity refers to

Answer 65

enhanced memory when testing takes place under the same conditions as learning