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PS 241 Exam 1 > PS 241 Exam 1 > Flashcards

PS 241 Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

First step of comparative method

A

Choose phenomenon of interest

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2
Q

Second step of comparative method

A

Translate phenomenon into a variable with values

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3
Q

Third step of comparative method

A

Develop a hypothesis about the relationship between another variable and our outcome of interest

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4
Q

Fourth step of comparative method

A

Design a test to track whether changes in IV result in hypothesized effect on DV

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5
Q

Optional fifth step of comparative method

A

Explore specific case to explore why variable has impact on another

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6
Q

Final step of comparative method

A

Reflect on validity of hypothesis given the evidence

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7
Q

Causes change in the DV

A

Independent variable

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8
Q

Measured outcome

A

Dependent variable

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9
Q

Why IV produces change in DV, links IV and DV

A

Mechanism

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10
Q

Belongs on Y axis

A

DV

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11
Q

Argue that the establishment of strong domestic institutions is the key to ending poverty

A

Page and Pande

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12
Q

Argue that foreign aid is unlikely to resolve the issue of poverty, and invisible infrastructure is

A

Page and Pande

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13
Q

Social and human systems that enable
citizens to realize their capabilities and escape poverty

A

Invisible infrastructure

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14
Q

Provider or regulator of invisible infrastructure

A

Domestic state

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15
Q

Idea that states needed to become weaker and liberalized

A

Washington Consensus

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16
Q

Argues that states need to be stronger within a smaller scope in order to become economically optimal

A

Fukayama

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17
Q

Argues that life is brutish and short, necessitating the need for an all-powerful ruler

A

Hobbes

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18
Q

How states emerged in Europe

A

Small political units border each other, rulers invade neighbors to acquire valuable land, need taxation to win wars, need legitimacy to tax, winning leaders establish legitimacy

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19
Q

Best theory of creation of states

A

Charles Tilly

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20
Q

2 dimensions of a state

A

Strength and Scope

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21
Q

Argues a lack of inter-state war in Africa led to weak consolidation of power and a lack of nationalism

A

Herbst

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22
Q

Taxes increase during wartime, don’t fully regress after

A

Ratchet effect

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23
Q

Large territory ruled by single body that is deemed legitimate, able to extract resources and rule over people

A

Result of state building in Europe

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24
Q

Argue that civil wars occur when conditions favor insurgency

A

Fearon and Laitin

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25
Frustration because opportunities for growth block out minority groups
Ethnic nationalism
26
Ways government can lead counterinsurgency
Knowing how to recognized insurgents from noncombatants, preserving noncombatants
27
3 Theories Fearon and Laitin had
Culture leads to civil war, grievances lead to civil war, feasibility leads to civil war
28
3 IVS of correct theory Fearon and Laitin had
Weak state capacity, mountanious terrain, population size
29
Argues that increasing force to regain order in failed, weak states is not the answer, derived from experiences in DRC
Milli Lake
30
Exogenous
Came from outside, placed in a place
31
Endogeneity
IV impacted by confounders that also impact DV
32
Exclusion Restriction
Instrument cannot be related to DV in any other way
33
Instrumental variable
Only affects IV, which affects DV, used as IV stand-in
34
AJR's DV
Economic development today
35
AJR's instrument
Settler mortality
36
AJR's IV
Institutions
37
Argue that high settler mortality led to extractive institutions, leading to poor economic development today and vice versa
AJR
38
Doctrine of Lapse
Indian region annexed by British if a ruler died without a natural heir
39
Argues that indirect colonial rule leads to better political and economic development,
Lakshmi Iyer
40
Iyer's IV
Institutions with or without direct colonial rule
41
Iyer's DV
Political and economic development
42
Iyer's instrument
Death of a leader without a natural heir
43
Regime
A set of rules about how power is accessed and exercised
44
State relates to ____, regime relates to _____
Order, power
45
4 ways of thinking about democracy
Minimalist, maximist, institutional, practical
46
Minimalist
About elections (basic conditions met, participation and contestation)
47
Maximist
About everything (quality participation, representation, information)
48
Institutional
about rules (on paper)
49
Practical
about behavior
50
Measures minimalist
Democracy-Dictatorship index (1 if all conditions met, 0 if not all met, DDI)
51
Measures maximist
Varities of Democracy (V-Dem, democracy assessed across all dimensions)
52
Measures institutional
Polity score (Democratic 10, autocratic -10, 21-point scale)
53
Measures practical
Freedom House (expert evaluation of rights and liberties)
54
Argue that democracy generally improves governance
GKB
55
Ways democracy generally improves governance
Human rights, economic development, limited corruption
56
Ways democracy does not always improve governance
Fiscal policy, inequality, social transfers
57
2 "old school" theories of democratization
Civic Culture, Modernization
58
Modernization
Economic development leads to democratization
59
Civic Culture
Need certain values for democratization (trust, tolerance)
60
Argues modernization theory is conditional, transition is triggered by political or economic crisis
Treisman
61
3 mechanisms for economic development leading to democracy
Industrialization, education, nature of work
62
Industrialization (Modernization)
People working together, creates class of property owners, requires more rules
63
Education (Modernization)
New skills and values, citizens earn more money from degrees
64
Nature of Work (Modernization)
More creativity/individual judgment as economy grows and develops
65
Argue that a moderate level of inequality can lead to democratization, with high inequality leading to democratic backsliding
A&R
66
De facto power
Fleeting, not granted by the system (Weaponry, money, ability to join together, etc)
67
De jure power
Power derived from institutions
68
Argue that use of semi-democratic institutions can lead to autocratic stability
Gandhi and Prezworksi
69
Autocrat's Dilemma
Autocrats are afraid of revolution from below or a coup by allies
70
Ways multiparty legislatures benefit autocrats
Opposition becomes a part of the system, policy is created to distribute carrots
71
Type of autocrat that needs multi-party legislature and why
Civilian, because their legitimacy is not already established like a monarch or military leader
72
Where do Gandhi and Prezworski find that partisan legislatures in autocracies are more likely?
Cooperation is needed because the threat is large, there is no independent wealth, and the world is more democratic
73
Argue that autocrats can lose election when the opposition is well-prepared and has international support
Bruce and Wolchik
74
Why do rent-rich autocracies not need democratic-like institutions?
The autocracies do not need to be legitimate because they do not need to collect money to distribute carrots and sticks
75
Argues having oil hinders democracy
Michael Ross
76
Argue that oil does not hinder democracy after introducing data from 1997-2006 and including Freedom House measures of democracy
Oskarsson and Ottosen
77
2 effects that Ross find to be mechanisms of oil leading to less democracy, (modernization failed)
Rentier effect, repression effect
78
Rentier effect
More government spending, lower taxes ("Carrot")
79
Repression effect
More police spending, military (Stick)
80
Argue that social trust is delved from political trust, which in turn impacts support for democracy/autocracy conditional upon existing regime type
Jamal and Nooruddin
81
Argues against consensus opinions (religion opposes democracy because it rejects tolerance, egalitarianism; religion supports democracy because of appeals to charity, justice) and says religious groups support democracy based on if democracy benefits them
Hoffman
82
Lebanese group democracy benefits
Shi'a Muslims
83
Lebanese group democracy harms
Sunni Muslisms
84
Lebanese group impartial to democracy
Maronite Christians
85
Argued that rainfall leads to cereal production leads to specialization and property rights leads to institutions leads to democratic consolidation
Haber
86
Page and Pande's vision on share of poverty
Share of poverty is decreasing in poor countries and increasing in middle-income countries
87
What the four measurements of democracy agree on
World is democratizing over time

PS 241 Exam 1 (2 decks)

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