PSAA Final Flashcards
(184 cards)
1
Q
What is an emergency?
A
A sudden event that puts the life or well-being of at least one person at risk
2
Q
What is a disaster?
A
An emergency affecting multiple people that requires additional resources from outside jurisdictions
3
Q
Define a catastrophe in the context of emergencies.
A
An event where the response involves many different jurisdictions and organizations, and no single entity can coordinate it all
4
Q
What is an extinction level event?
A
An event so severe that humans may not survive
5
Q
Fill in the blank: Mitigate means _______.
A
Preventing future emergencies or minimizing the effects of those future emergencies
6
Q
What does the Stafford Act allow the president to do?
A
Declare a national emergency and access funds and disaster relief assistance
7
Q
What must happen before the president invokes the Stafford Act?
A
The governor must exhaust the state’s emergency plan and request assistance from the president
8
Q
What is the role of FEMA after an emergency is declared?
A
Coordinate relief resources to assist overwhelmed state and local governments
9
Q
What are the two types of disaster declarations under the Stafford Act?
A
Emergencies and major disasters
10
Q
What is vulnerability in the context of disasters?
A
A measure of proneness along with the ability to withstand or react to adverse consequences
11
Q
True or False: Vulnerability is a greater determinant of disaster than hazards themselves.
A
True
12
Q
What is the definition of nonprofit organizations in the United States?
A
Formal entities that do not distribute profits and are exempt from federal taxes
13
Q
List the types of hazards/disasters categorized as natural.
A
- Avalanche
- Drought
- Earthquake
- Flood
- Hurricane
- Tornado
- Wildfire
14
Q
What is the purpose of the Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA)?
A
Support provided by U.S. Federal military forces in response to requests for assistance from civil authorities
15
Q
Fill in the blank: The primary restriction on DOD participation in civilian law enforcement activities is the _______.
A
Posse Comitatus Act
16
Q
What are the guiding principles of the National Response Framework (NRF)?
A
- Engaged partnership
- Tiered response
- Scalable, flexible, and adaptable operational capabilities
- Unity of effort through unified command
- Readiness to act
17
Q
What is the Incident Command System (ICS)?
A
A system ensuring interoperability across multijurisdictional or multiagency incident management activities
18
Q
What is the significance of the FEMA state agreement?
A
Outlines the period of the disaster, areas eligible for assistance, and type of assistance required
19
Q
What is the main goal of volunteer management during a disaster?
A
To assess the needs of the community and efficiently manage donations and volunteers
20
Q
What does the term ‘mass displacement’ refer to?
A
Forced migration and resettlement due to various causes
21
Q
What are the two schools of thought regarding vulnerability?
A
- Social Vulnerability
- Holistic
22
Q
What is the purpose of policy learning after disasters?
A
To anticipate future incidents and improve response strategies
23
Q
What is the primary limitation on DOD intelligence personnel?
A
They are limited to the performance of only specific mission sets.
Any use of traditional DOD intelligence assets for nontraditional uses requires approval from SecDef.
24
Q
What is the activation process for the National Guard under Title 10 U.S.C.?
A
Directed by the president to report for active duty in an official capacity.
Activated for federal active-duty military service.
25
What are the pay and benefits for National Guard personnel when activated under Title 10 U.S.C.?
They are entitled to the same pay, benefits, and legal protections as Active Duty military members.
26
What triggers activation of the National Guard under Title 32 U.S.C.?
The state's Governor is authorized or directed by the president to mobilize or activate the National Guard in the state.
27
What type of duties are typically associated with Title 32 mobilization?
Usually for natural disasters, while Title 10 orders are for national defense.
28
What is 'State Active Duty' in the context of the National Guard?
When Guard members are ordered to active duty solely by their state's governor, typically in response to state-level disasters.
29
Under what circumstances can Guard members act in a law enforcement capacity?
When ordered to State Active Duty or Title 32 orders; this is prohibited under Title 10 unless authorized by Congress.
30
What is the ethical principle expressed in Executive Order 12674?
Public service is a public trust, requiring loyalty to the Constitution and ethical principles above private gain.
31
What should federal employees avoid regarding financial interests?
They shall not hold financial interests that conflict with the conscientious performance of duty.
32
What is the relationship between values, attitudes, and behavior?
Values influence attitudes, which manifest in behaviors.
33
What is the definition of ethics?
Principles, values, and beliefs that define what is right and wrong behavior.
34
What is the mission of US CYBERCOM?
Direct, Synchronize, and Coordinate Cyberspace Planning and Operations to defend and advance national interests.
35
What are the three main focus areas of US CYBERCOM?
* Defending the DoDIN
* Supporting combatant commanders
* Strengthening the nation's ability to withstand cyber attacks.
36
What does 'critical infrastructure' refer to?
Systems that undergird modern society, such as power grids, financial networks, and water systems.
37
What are the main predictors of policy success in cybersecurity for critical infrastructure?
* Nature of the cyber threat
* Regulatory pressure on firms.
38
What is the significance of collaboration between industry and government in cybersecurity?
It is necessary for the protection of critical infrastructure from cyber threats.
39
What is the mission of OFDA?
* Save lives
* Alleviate suffering
* Reduce economic impact of disasters
* Support prevention/mitigation/preparedness activities.
40
What are the two levels of mission in humanitarian assistance?
* Wholesale Level: Heavy lifting (e.g., airfield control)
* Retail Level: Touching the victims (e.g., food distribution).
41
What is the role of courageous followers?
* Assume responsibility
* Serve others
* Challenge unethical decisions.
42
What does character development involve?
The process of drawing out or impressing a set of qualities that distinguish a person from others.
43
What was the cause of the Deepwater Horizon explosion?
series of failures in the safety systems and operational procedures, including a defective cement job, a failed blowout preventer, and misinterpretations of pressure tests
44
What federal statute was used in response to the Deepwater Horizon disaster?
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA).
45
What challenges emerged under the OPA/NCP construct during the Deepwater Horizon response?
Regulatory and operational challenges in managing the disaster response.
46
What is the significance of the 'Governor's Call' during disaster response?
Political considerations and coordination issues that emerged during the response.
47
What aircraft were used to transport support equipment from the United States to Thailand?
C-5 Galaxys and C-17 Globemaster IIIs
## Footnote
These aircraft traveled more than 8,000 miles to deliver supplies.
48
What was the central distribution point for the supplies in Thailand?
U Tapao
## Footnote
U Tapao served as a hub for further distribution to affected areas.
49
Which aircraft distributed materiel to smaller airfields in the affected area?
C-130 Hercules
## Footnote
The C-130 Hercules played a crucial role in the distribution process.
50
What type of helicopters were used to deliver supplies to isolated villages?
HH-60 Pave Hawks
## Footnote
These helicopters, along with others from various services, provided critical aid.
51
What operational system did the intratheater airlift use from U Tapao?
Hub and spoke system
## Footnote
This system is similar to that used by most US airlines for distributing flights.
52
How many US service personnel were involved in the humanitarian effort according to Gen. Richard B. Myers?
15,000
## Footnote
This figure highlights the scale of the US response to the disaster.
53
How many ships were involved in the humanitarian relief effort?
25 ships
## Footnote
These ships were part of the extensive logistical support provided.
54
What was the daily average of critical supplies moved during the airlift effort?
522,000 pounds
## Footnote
This amount reflects the intensity and scale of the operations over 47 days.
55
What was the role of the seven-man TALCE team at Banda Aceh?
Turned a damaged airfield into a major hub for distributing supplies
## Footnote
Their efforts were essential for organizing the aid distribution.
56
Fill in the blank: The US airlift effort eclipsed recent humanitarian relief missions in the amount of materiel it moved daily, averaging _______.
522,000 pounds
## Footnote
This statistic emphasizes the efficiency of the US response.
57
True or False: The Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps all contributed helicopters to distribute aid.
True
## Footnote
Collaboration among different military branches was key in the relief effort.
58
What is Hurricane Helene?
A catastrophe
59
What are the types of hazards?
Natural, technological, and human-induced hazards
60
What is the Deep Water Horizon?
A technological disaster
61
What makes up a vulnerability?
Factors that increase the likelihood of harm during a disaster
62
Which FEMA area is associated with California?
9
63
Which FEMA area is associated with South Carolina Hurricane Helene?
4
64
What is the Stafford Act?
A federal law that governs disaster response and recovery
65
What must a governor do to enact the Stafford Act?
Request federal assistance
66
What makes up the nonprofit sector?
Red Cross, faith-based organizations, community groups (e.g., CERTs)
67
What are the NRF Guiding Principles?
Whole community approach, unified command, and coordinated response
68
What should one understand about command structures?
Roles and responsibilities during disaster response
69
What is the definition of Defense Support of Civil Authorities?
Military support provided to civil authorities during disasters
70
What is the purpose of Defense Support of Civil Authorities?
To assist in disaster response and recovery efforts
71
What is the difference between Title 10 forces and Title 32 forces?
Title 10 forces are federal military forces; Title 32 forces are state-controlled National Guard
72
What is the Posse Comitatus Act?
A federal law that limits the use of federal military personnel to enforce domestic policies
73
What is the purpose of the Joint Task Force Civil Support?
To support civil authorities during domestic incidents
74
What are the different kinds of structures of local governments?
Council-manager, mayor-council, and commission forms
75
What characterizes a council-manager form of government?
Voters elect a mayor and city council; a city manager runs day-to-day operations
76
What are the differences and missions between NSA, US Cybercom, and CISA?
* NSA: Intelligence
* US Cybercom: Secures DOD networks, conducts cyber attacks
* CISA: Cybersecurity for critical infrastructure
77
What is Critical Infrastructure?
Systems and assets that are essential for the functioning of a society
78
What are the roles of the Courageous Follower?
Support leaders, challenge unethical behavior, and contribute to the mission
79
What influences values, attitudes, and behavior?
Cultural, social, and individual factors
80
What was BP's reputation before the spill?
A bad safety reputation
81
What is Public Affairs Guidance during transition periods?
Strategies for communicating with the public during changes
82
What is the OPA?
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990 was created after the Exxon Valdez oil spill to manage major oil spills. It requires the responsible party to cover cleanup costs and related damages.
## Footnote
The OPA established a framework for responding to oil spills and holds polluters financially accountable.
83
What is the NCP?
The National Contingency Plan (NCP) provides the federal framework for responding to oil spills and hazardous substance releases.
## Footnote
The NCP outlines procedures and responsibilities for federal, state, and local response efforts.
84
Why was the OPA chosen over the Stafford Act?
The Obama administration chose OPA because it held the polluter (BP) financially liable, avoiding the burden on taxpayers.
## Footnote
The Stafford Act might have shifted costs to taxpayers instead of the responsible party.
85
Was using the OPA the correct decision?
Yes, from a financial accountability perspective, it kept BP liable ('The polluter pays').
## Footnote
However, many state and local officials preferred the Stafford Act for its familiarity and quicker response.
86
What assumption did the OPA make about oil spills?
OPA assumed spills would involve a single vessel releasing a fixed amount of oil on the surface, not a deep-sea continuous leak like Deepwater Horizon.
## Footnote
This assumption limited the effectiveness of the OPA in managing the Deepwater Horizon incident.
87
What challenges emerged under the OPA / NCP construct?
Challenges included:
* Bureaucratic delays due to strict adherence to regulations
* Limited flexibility for massive, multi-state spills
* Difficulties coordinating between federal, state, and local authorities.
## Footnote
These challenges hindered effective response during the crisis.
88
What are the responsibilities of the 'Responsible Party' under the OPA?
The Responsible Party (BP) must pay for 100% of cleanup costs and up to $75 million in damages.
## Footnote
This financial liability is a key feature of the OPA.
89
What is an appropriate 'Whole of Government' response to a catastrophe?
A coordinated effort across all levels of government — federal, state, and local — with clear communication channels and role assignments.
## Footnote
This approach ensures a unified and effective response to disasters.
90
What public expectations emerged after events like 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina?
The public expects rapid, effective, and coordinated government action in disaster responses.
## Footnote
These events significantly shaped public perception of government responsiveness.
91
Who are the stakeholders in an oil spill response?
Stakeholders include:
* Federal agencies (EPA, Coast Guard, DHS)
* State governments (Governors)
* Local governments (Mayors, Parish Presidents)
* BP (Responsible Party)
* Fishing, tourism, and oil industries
* The general public and environmental groups.
## Footnote
Each stakeholder has unique interests and roles in the response process.
92
What challenges did integrating public and volunteer assets present?
Integrating public and volunteer assets was difficult due to unfamiliar procedures and regulations under OPA.
## Footnote
The 'Governor's Call' was a good idea for coordination but was implemented late.
93
What political considerations emerged during the response?
Issues included:
* Struggles between federal control and state/local autonomy
* Tension over the pace and effectiveness of the federal response
* Concerns over BP’s influence on decision-making.
## Footnote
These considerations complicated the response efforts.
94
What were the 'Boom' issues?
Boom issues included shortages and disputes over the allocation of oil containment boom.
## Footnote
Local leaders felt sidelined and frustrated by the inability to secure enough boom quickly.
95
Why was Louisiana intent on developing sand berms?
Louisiana wanted to build sand berms to block oil from reaching the fragile coastline and marshes, believing they could physically protect critical habitats.
## Footnote
This was part of their strategy to mitigate environmental damage.
96
What was Hurricane Katrina’s legacy in this case?
Katrina made Gulf Coast officials extremely wary of federal management and raised public expectations for robust, fast government action.
## Footnote
These expectations were challenging to meet during the oil spill response.
97
How did the NIC address 'political and social nullification'?
NIC leaders attempted to enhance communication with local officials and involve them more directly, although with mixed success.
## Footnote
Effective communication is crucial in disaster response to mitigate local frustrations.
98
What political concerns were expressed by state and local officials?
Concerns included:
* Loss of local control
* Slow federal response times
* Fear that their voices weren't being heard and specific needs ignored.
## Footnote
These concerns highlight the tension between local and federal authorities.
99
What are Liaison Teams?
Liaison Teams were Coast Guard officers assigned to directly connect with local officials (e.g., Parish Presidents, Mayors).
## Footnote
Their role was to facilitate communication and coordination during the response.
100
Why weren’t Liaison Teams used sooner?
Initially, the response prioritized coordination with state officials rather than local governments, causing delays in local engagement.
## Footnote
This oversight affected the effectiveness of the overall response.
101
What type of learning involves processes or strategies?
Political/strategic learning
## Footnote
This type of learning is considered shallow.
102
What type of learning focuses on new policy instruments?
Instrumental Learning
## Footnote
This type of learning is also considered shallow.
103
Which type of learning relates to government structure?
Governmental learning
## Footnote
This type of learning is characterized as deeper.
104
What type of learning involves reassessing goals and underlying causes?
Social learning
## Footnote
This is considered the deepest type of learning.
105
What defines an emergency?
An emergency is a sudden event that risks the life or well-being of at least one person; local response resources are adequate and managed within the same jurisdiction.
106
What defines a disaster?
A disaster is an emergency that affects multiple people and exceeds local response capabilities, requiring outside resources.
107
What defines a catastrophe?
A catastrophe is a large-scale disaster involving many jurisdictions and agencies where no single entity can coordinate all aspects.
108
What is an extinction-level event?
An event so severe that it threatens human survival; no effective organized response is possible.
109
What are the four phases of emergency management?
Mitigation, Preparation, Response, Recovery.
110
What does mitigation mean in emergency management?
It involves preventing future emergencies or reducing their impact.
111
What is emergency preparation?
Actions taken to prepare a community to respond effectively to emergencies.
112
What is emergency response?
Efforts to protect public safety and minimize damage during an incident.
113
What is emergency recovery?
Efforts to restore lost functions and return the community to normal.
114
What is the difference between emergency operations and emergency planning?
Emergency operations occur during an incident, while planning happens before to prepare.
115
What are the three main types of hazards/disasters?
Natural, Technological, and Anthropogenic.
116
Give examples of natural disasters.
Avalanche, Earthquake, Flood, Hurricane, Tornado, Wildfire.
117
Give examples of technological disasters.
Airplane crash, Dam failure, Industrial explosion, Power failure.
118
Give examples of anthropogenic disasters.
Chemical attack, Cyber incident, Riots, War, School violence.
119
What is vulnerability in disaster management?
It is a measure of susceptibility and capacity to react to adverse events.
120
Why is vulnerability important?
It determines the extent of impact a hazard will have and is often more important than the hazard itself.
121
What is the Stafford Act?
Law that allows the President to declare emergencies and access federal disaster relief funds.
122
What must happen before invoking the Stafford Act?
Governor must exhaust state resources and formally request federal help.
123
What happens after a Stafford Act declaration?
FEMA coordinates relief and a state agreement outlines assistance details.
124
Why are nonprofits critical during disasters?
They fill gaps left by market/government failures, organize volunteers, and provide trusted services.
125
What are the theories explaining nonprofit roles?
Public Goods, Heterogeneity, Trust, Supply-Side, Stakeholder, Interdependence, Social Origins.
126
What are the guiding principles of the NRF?
Engaged partnership, Tiered response, Scalable operations, Unity of effort, Readiness to act.
127
What is unified command?
A coordinated effort among multiple agencies and jurisdictions to manage an incident together.
128
What is DSCA?
Defense Support of Civil Authorities; military aid to civil authorities during domestic emergencies.
129
What does Title 10 USC allow?
Federal military mobilization for national defense; prohibits civilian law enforcement roles.
130
What does Title 32 USC allow?
State-controlled National Guard operations funded by the federal government.
131
How is the National Guard activated?
By the state (State Active Duty), under Title 32 (state control, fed funded), or Title 10 (federal control).
132
What is EO 12674?
Executive Order outlining ethical behavior expected of federal employees.
133
What are key principles under EO 12674?
Public service as trust, no conflicts of interest, honesty, disclosure of fraud, and impartiality.
134
What law governed the Deepwater Horizon response?
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and National Contingency Plan (NCP).
135
Why was OPA used instead of the Stafford Act?
OPA assigns liability to the responsible party and governs oil spill responses.
136
What were key challenges in Deepwater Horizon?
Political interference, integration of public and volunteer assets, unmet expectations.
137
What is critical infrastructure?
Systems vital to society like power grids, water, and financial networks.
138
What is a major challenge in cybersecurity policy?
The private sector owns most critical infrastructure, complicating regulation.
139
What are the three types of cyber operations?
Defensive, Offensive, and DODIN operations.
140
What defines ethical leadership?
Influencing others using principles that reflect right behavior.
141
What are the three types of courage for followers?
Courage to Assume Responsibility, Serve, and Challenge.
142
How are values, attitudes, and behavior related?
Values influence attitudes, which in turn shape behavior.
143
What is CISA?
The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, responsible for protecting the nation’s critical infrastructure from physical and cyber threats.
144
What does CISA do?
Provides cybersecurity tools, incident response services, and assessment capabilities to safeguard the federal civilian executive branch and partners.
145
What is the role of the NSA?
The National Security Agency is responsible for global monitoring, collection, and processing of information for foreign and domestic intelligence and counterintelligence.
146
Where are some of the NSA locations?
Colorado, Georgia, Hawaii, Texas, Alaska, and Utah.
147
What is the mission of USCYBERCOM?
To direct, synchronize, and coordinate cyberspace planning and operations to defend and advance national interests.
148
What are the three main focus areas of USCYBERCOM?
Defending the DoDIN, supporting combatant commanders, and strengthening national cyber defenses.
149
What are the three types of cyber operations by CYBERCOM?
Defensive Cyberspace Operations, Offensive Cyberspace Operations, and Department of Defense Information Network Operations.
150
Why is CYBERCOM important?
It enables secure communications, protects critical data, and ensures mission effectiveness through cyberspace operations.
151
What are Title 10 forces?
Title 10 forces are federally controlled military personnel who are mobilized for national defense or federal missions. They cannot engage in civilian law enforcement unless authorized by law.
152
What are Title 32 forces?
Title 32 forces are National Guard troops under state control but federally funded, often used for homeland defense and disaster response.
153
What is the main difference between Title 10 and Title 32 forces?
Title 10 forces are under federal command and cannot perform law enforcement; Title 32 forces remain under state command and may perform law enforcement with proper authority.
154
What is the Posse Comitatus Act?
A federal law (18 USC § 1385) that prohibits the use of federal military forces in domestic law enforcement activities unless explicitly authorized by law.
155
What is the purpose of the Posse Comitatus Act?
To limit the federal government’s power to use military personnel for enforcing domestic policies, preserving the balance between military and civilian authority.
156
What is the role of Joint Task Force Civil Support (JTF-CS)?
JTF-CS provides command and control for Department of Defense chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) response forces in support of civil authorities.
157
How does JTF-CS operate within the constraints of the Posse Comitatus Act?
JTF-CS supports civil authorities but does not engage in direct law enforcement; its actions must align with legal authorizations and avoid prohibited activities.
158
What is the Stafford Act?
The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act allows the U.S. President to declare a national emergency or disaster and provide federal aid through FEMA.
## Footnote
The act is named after Congressman Robert T. Stafford and was enacted in 1988.
159
What must a governor do to invoke the Stafford Act?
The governor must exhaust the state’s resources, determine the state cannot manage the disaster, and formally request federal assistance from the President.
## Footnote
This process ensures that federal assistance is a last resort.
160
What does a FEMA-State Agreement outline after a Stafford Act declaration?
It outlines the disaster period, areas eligible for aid, type of assistance, cost-sharing provisions, and other relevant conditions.
## Footnote
This agreement is crucial for coordinating federal and state efforts.
161
What caused the Deepwater Horizon disaster?
A blowout preventer failed, causing an explosion and massive oil spill in April 2010.
## Footnote
This incident is considered one of the largest environmental disasters in U.S. history.
162
Why was the Stafford Act not used for the Deepwater Horizon response?
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) was used instead, as it assigns responsibility to the polluting party.
## Footnote
The OPA focuses specifically on oil spills and the accountability of responsible parties.
163
What are the 'Responsible Party' obligations under the OPA?
Contain and clean the spill, cover costs, and coordinate with federal agencies.
## Footnote
These obligations ensure that the responsible party bears the financial burden of the cleanup.
164
What challenges arose under the OPA/NCP framework?
Political interference, unclear jurisdiction, and poor volunteer coordination.
## Footnote
These challenges complicated the response efforts and delayed effective action.
165
What was the 'Governor’s Call' and why was it controversial?
A call for state control over response efforts, raising issues of federal vs. state authority.
## Footnote
This controversy highlighted the tension between state and federal roles in disaster response.
166
What is ethical leadership?
Influencing others using values and principles aligned with ethical behavior.
## Footnote
Ethical leadership is essential for fostering a positive organizational culture.
167
Why is ethical leadership important in public service?
It fosters trust, ensures fairness, and aligns decisions with the public good.
## Footnote
Trust in public officials is fundamental to a functioning democracy.
168
What is EO 12674?
An executive order that outlines ethical standards for federal employees.
## Footnote
This order was established to promote integrity and accountability in public service.
169
What does 'public service is a public trust' mean?
Public officials must prioritize the public good over personal interests.
## Footnote
This principle is foundational to ethical governance.
170
What is the Council-Manager system?
A structure where an elected council hires a manager to run the city's operations.
## Footnote
This model is common in many U.S. cities for its efficiency.
171
What are benefits of the Council-Manager model?
It separates politics from administration and improves efficiency.
## Footnote
This separation allows for more professional management of city services.
172
How do city and county governments differ in Texas?
Counties are state-created for mandated duties; cities form voluntarily for additional services.
## Footnote
This distinction influences the governance and service delivery in Texas.
173
What year was the Oil Pollution Act enacted?
1990
174
True or False: The Oil Pollution Act was created in response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill.
True
175
Fill in the blank: The Oil Pollution Act provides for the federal government to respond to oil spills and to establish _____ for oil spill prevention and response.
standards
176
What significant oil spill prompted the need for the Oil Pollution Act to be applied in the case of the Deepwater Horizon?
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010
177
Multiple choice: Which agency is primarily responsible for enforcing the Oil Pollution Act?
U.S. Coast Guard
178
What are the two main components of the Oil Pollution Act?
Prevention and response
179
True or False: The Oil Pollution Act allows for the imposition of civil and criminal penalties for violations.
True
180
Short answer: How does the Oil Pollution Act define 'oil'?
The Oil Pollution Act defines 'oil' as a wide range of petroleum-based products, including crude oil and refined products.
181
Fill in the blank: The Oil Pollution Act establishes a national _____ for oil spill response.
contingency plan
182
What is the liability cap for responsible parties under the Oil Pollution Act following the Deepwater Horizon spill?
$75 million, unless gross negligence is proven.
183
Title 10/DSCA
President authority
184
National guard/Title 32
Governor authority
