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PSC1002-Physiology > PSC1002/L01 Homeostasis > Flashcards

PSC1002/L01 Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Give 3 things that are controlled by homeostasis.

A

Internal environment (ECF)
Equilibrium through compensation
Variables (bp)

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2
Q

Define negative feedback.

A

Effector leads to reduction in stimulus

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3
Q

Give 2 physiological examples of negative feedback.

A

Blood pressure
Plasma osmolarity
Pupil diameter

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4
Q

What 2 muscles work to constrict/dilate pupil diameter?

A

Sphincter pupillae
Dilator pupillae

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5
Q

What 3 control centres make up the autonomic nervous system?

A

Hypothalamus
Brain stem
Spinal cord

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6
Q

What kind of nerve fibres are in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sensory Afferent Nerve Fibres

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7
Q

What 2 efferent pathways make up the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic - fight or flight
Parasympathetic - rest and digest

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8
Q

Name the common features of the 2 efferent pathways. (4)

A

2 neurons in series
Preganglionic neurons originate in CNS
Postganglionic neurons originate in autonomic ganglia
1 preganglionic neuron can synapse with many postganglionic neurone

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9
Q

Give 3 examples of effects of the parasympathetic nervous system.

A

Constricts pupil
Stimulates salivation
Inhibits heart
Constricts bronchi
Stimulates digestive activity
Stimulates gallbladder
Contracts bladder
Relaxes rectum

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10
Q

Give 3 examples of effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Dilates pupil
Inhibits salivation
Relaxes bronchi
Accelerates heart
Inhibits digestive activity
Stimulates glucose release by liver
Secretion of epinephrine from kidney
Relaxes bladder
Contracts rectum

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10
Q

What hormones are involved in flight or fight response? (4)

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Cortisol
Potentially osteocalcin

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11
Q

Describe the osteocalcin pathway of flight or fight response. (5)

A

Stimulus -> amygdala centre -> bone osteoblasts -> osteocalcin -> inhibits PNS

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12
Q

Describe the preganglionic origin of the cranial nerve III (oculomotor).

A

Eye

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13
Q

Describe the preganglionic origin of the cranial nerve VII (facial). (3)

A

Lacrimal
Nasal
Submandibular

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14
Q

Describe the preganglionic origin of the cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal).

A

Parotid

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15
Q

Describe the preganglionic origin of the cranial nerve X (vagus). (2)

A

Thorax
2/3 abdomen (75%)

16
Q

Describe the origin of the pelvic nerve.

A

Rectum
Bladder

17
Q

Describe the length of neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system.

A

Preganglionic = long
Postganglionic = short

18
Q

Describe the length of neurons in the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Preganglionic = short
Postganglionic = long

19
Q

Describe the preganglionic origin of the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Thoracic T1 - Lumbar 2/3 (L2/3)

20
Q

Describe the postganglionic origin of the sympathetic nervous system.

A

2 paravertebral sympathetic chains

21
Q

What is special about innervation of the adrenal medulla?

A

Directly innervated by preganglionic neuron of the SNS

22
Q

Give 4 neurotransmitters of the ANS.

A

Acetylcholine
Noradrenaline
Adrenaline
Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurotransmitters (NANC)

23
Q

What 2 kinds of receptors are found in the ANS?

A

Cholinergic
Adrenergic

24
Q

Give 3 features of nicotinic receptors.

A

In ganglia SNS & PNS
Neuromuscular junction
Blocked by curare

25
Q

Give 2 features of muscarinic receptors.

A

Target organs in PNS
Blocked by atropine

26
Q

Give an exception to muscarinic receptors in target organ PNS.

A

Sweat gland innervation by SNS

27
Q

What is attached to muscarinic receptors?

A

G-protein

28
Q

What is attached to a nicotinic receptor?

A

Alpha and beta component

29
Q

Describe the action of alpha1 postsynaptic receptors.

A

NAdr > Adr
Vasoconstriction and smooth muscle contraction

30
Q

Describe the action of alpha2 presynaptic receptors.

A

NAdr > Adr
Reduction in adrenergic and cholinergic transmission

31
Q

What are alpha receptors blocked by?

A

Phentolamine

32
Q

Describe the action of beta1 receptors.

A

Adr = NAdr
Increase in heart rate and force of contraction

33
Q

Describe the action of beta2 receptors.

A

Adr > NAdr
Vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation

34
Q

What compounds block beta receptors?

A

Propanolol

35
Q

What is associated with adrenoreceptors?

A

G-protein

PSC1002-Physiology (29 decks)

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