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PSY 1101 - Intro to Psychology: Foundations > PSY 1101 - Chapter 07: Learning (Pt. 02) > Flashcards

PSY 1101 - Chapter 07: Learning (Pt. 02) Flashcards

1
Q

What happens in Classical Conditioning?

A

One event signals the arrival of another event
- Behaviour is elicited by a stimulus
- not initiated but triggered by a stimulus (elicited)

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2
Q

What is Respondent Behaviour?

A

Behaviour that is classically conditioned
- Stimulus and response

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3
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

Associate behaviour with its consequences
- also referred to instrumental conditioning

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4
Q

What is Operant Behaviour?

A

we are initiating the behaviour and operating on the environment to produce consequences
- Behaviour is the operant

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5
Q

What is the Law of Effects?

A

Behaviour is controlled by its consequences

  • If a behaviour produces a desirable consequence, we are more likely to repeat it in the future
  • If a behaviour produces an aversive, unpleasant consequence, we are less likely to repeat it
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6
Q

Who is Thorndike?

A

The one who stipulated the law of effect and started this research
- coined the term “instrumental conditioning”

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7
Q

Who is Skinner?

A

Linked and associated with operant conditioning
- began studying human behaviour because writing was not working

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8
Q

What are our ABCs?

A

A: Antecedent (Dad’s mood)
B: Behaviour (telling a joke)
C: Consequence (hugs and kisses or get yelled at)

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9
Q

How do we learn our ABCs?

A

Learn via operant conditioning

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10
Q

What is a Reinforcer?

A

The reinforcer is the consequence of a behaviour that makes the behaviour more likely to repeat
- when there is a reinforcer, the behaviour is more likely to repeat in the future

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11
Q

What are the Two major types of Reinforcers?

A

Both positive and negative reinforcers will increase the probability that the behaviour will repeat in the future

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12
Q

What is Positive Reinforcer?

A

We engage in a behaviour and it produces a consequence that is desirable and pleasant
- We are more likely to repeat the behaviour in the future

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13
Q

What is Negative Reinforcer?

A

It produces a consequence such that it will remove or prevent something that is noxious and unpleasant from taking place

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14
Q

What are the Two types of Negative Reinforcers?

A
  1. Escape
  2. Avoidance
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15
Q

What is Escape?

A

I have a headache and it is unpelasant and noxious
- I take an aspirin and my headache goes away
- I am more likely to take an aspirin in the future
- Exposed to the noxious stimulus (present)

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16
Q

What is Avoidance?

A

I do not have a headache yet
- To prevent one from coming, I take an aspirin
- Noxious stimulus is not there
- we are preventing one from happening

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17
Q

What are Primary Reinforcers?

A

Reinforcers that are naturally rewarding
- associated with basic needs

ex. drinking water when we are thirsty

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18
Q

What are Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcers?

A

Reinforcers that are not naturally rewarding
- we learn its value through experience

ex. money is conditioned reinforcer

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19
Q

What are Immediate Reinforcers?

A

The consequence of the behaviour is immediate

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20
Q

What are Delayed Reinforcers?

A

The consequence of the behaviour is delayed
- happens later on

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21
Q

What are Scheduling Consequences?

A

How often should we reinforce a behaviour for it to occur or for us to maintain it?

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22
Q

What are the two Scheduling Consequences?

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Intermittent (partial)
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23
Q

What are Continuous Reinforcement?

A

Every single time the behaviour occurs, it is reinforced
- if we want to teach a new behaviour, continuous reinforcement is the way to go
- behaviour will extinguish more quickly

ex. every time your child makes their bed, they receive a behaviour

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24
Q

What is Intermittent (Partial) Reinforcement?

A
  • once the behaviour has been learned; if we want to maintain it for a long period of time, we must switch to intermittent / partial reinforcement
  • more resistant to extinction
  • partial extinction effect
25
Q

What are the Two Categories for Intermittent?

A
  1. Ratio
  2. Interval
26
Q

What is a Ratio?

A

The number of responses / behaviours that will determine when the behaviour will be reinforced

27
Q

What is an Interval?

A

Passage of time that will determine when the behaviour will be reinforced

28
Q

What are the Two types of Behaviours?

A
  1. Fixed Ratio
  2. Variable Ratio
29
Q

What is a Fixed Ratio?

A

A very specific amount of responses must occur before the bejaviour is reinforced
- We work fast and steady until we are reinforced and we take a pause (break)

30
Q

What is Variable Ratio?

A

Number of responses needed to reinforce the behaviour will vary

31
Q

What are two types of Intervals?

A
  1. Fixed Interval
  2. Variable Interval
32
Q

What is Fixed Interval?

A

A very specific amount of time must go by before reinforcement takes place
- Produces the least amount of responses

ex. 10 minutes must go by before the rat gets its treat for pressing the lever

33
Q

What is Variable Interval?

A

Amount of time that must go by varies and differs before the behaviour is reinforced
- This produces the THIRD LOWEST rate of responses
- This scheduled consequence works steady and slowly

34
Q

What is Punishment?

A

We do a behaviour and it produces a consequence such that we will most likely not repeat the behaviour in the future

35
Q

What are the Two types of Punishment?

A

BOTH of them are likely to decrease the probability
that the behaviour will occur again

  1. Positive
  2. Negative
36
Q

What is Positive Punishment?

A

We do a behaviour and the consequence is such that we will receive or be exposed to something unpleasant

37
Q

What is Negative Punishment?

A

We do a behaviour and as a result, something we like, want, or is desirable is taken away / removed from us

38
Q

What is Shaping Behaviours?

A

Reinforcing successively closer approximation of a behaviour until the correct behaviour is
displayed

  • Once a particular step has been learned really well, we’re going to stop reinforcing it
  • we’re going to focus on reinforcing the next step of the sequence
39
Q

What is Operant Extinction?

A

When we don’t want a behaviour to repeat, or reduce it significantly, we use operant extinction

  • Identify the source of reinforcer
  • once identified, we must stop the reinforcing
  • once behaviour stops, we must never reinforce it again
  • We must also take the time to reinforce the positive behaviour
40
Q

What is Extinction Burst?

A

During the extinction procedure, the situation gets worse before it gets better
- Behaviour increases in intensity
- behaviour will eventually die out
- aggression may take place

41
Q

Who is Tolman?

A

Tolman is considered to be the father of cognitive psychology.
- began criticizing some of Skinner’s ideas
- started the ball rolling for cognitive psychology to be brought up again

42
Q

How was the study of Behaviourism different?

A

When behaviour is dominated in psychology, there was little to no research on cognitive processes, mind, consciousness, etc.
- today, this type of research is flourished in psychology

43
Q

What did Tolman disagree on in regards to Skinner?

A

Skinner said, for learning to take place, there must be trial and error

Tolman challenged this and said sometimes learning can take place without any reinforcement

44
Q

What is Latent Learning?

A

We acquire knowledge without any reinforcement
- This knowledge remains hidden and unseen until we have a reason and motivation to display it

45
Q

What is Cognitive Map?

A

It is a mental map that you have in your mind

According to Skinner: when rats learn to run a maze, they learn via trial and error, and learn a sequence

Tolman: rats are not just learning a sequence. The rat is actively learning the layout of the maze.
- That is a clear illustration that cognitive processes must be taken into consideration

46
Q

What is Learned Helplessness?

A

Both humans and animals can go into learned helplessness if they are repeatedly exposed to a stimulus that is aversive and uncontrollable

47
Q

What happens when Learned Helplessness takes place?

A

We sit there and take it because there is absolutely nothing you can do about it
- can be treated
- can be specific to a certain situation but can also be generalized to others

48
Q

Who is Bandura?

A

Linked and associated with social learning
- We observe the social world around us and see what behaviours the social world rewards and punishes
- Based on this observation, we adjust our behaviours

49
Q

What is Bandura’s work known as?

A

Learning by observation:
- Vicarious learning
- social learning

50
Q

What is Vicarious / Social Learning?

A

We observe role models and imitate their behaviour and relate to it, etc.

51
Q

What are we Biologically Predisposed to?

A

Biologicalled prepared to learn via observations

52
Q

What are two evidence of Biological Predisposed learning via observations?

A
  • Infants
  • Mirror neurons
53
Q

What are Mirror Neurons?

A

Highly specialized neurons founds in different parts of the brain and they’re linked to empathy, learning, and the activate when we’re performing a behaviour
- activate when we watch someone else form a behaviour

54
Q

What is Bandura’s Model?

A

Cognitive Processes: essential for learning
- cognition heavy
- in order to imitate the behaviour, 4 things must be present

55
Q

What are the Four things to imitate a Behaviour?

A
  1. Attention
  2. Memory
  3. Action / Motor Skills
  4. Motivation
56
Q

What is Attention?

A

We must pay attention to the behaviour of interest

57
Q

What is Memory?

A

We must commit to memory what we have observed
- must have a mental representation of it in our memory

58
Q

What is Action / Motor Skills?

A

In order for us to take action, we must have the motor skill to have the ability to engage in that behaviour

  • we are not performing or producing the behaviour but identifying whether we CAN perform it
59
Q

What is Motivation?

A

If we are motivated, we are more likely to perform the behaviour:

  • we are more likely to do the behaviour if we like and value the role model and are reinforced to perform the behaviour
  • If we do the bejaviour ourselves and are reinforced for it, then we are more likely to repeat it in the future

PSY 1101 - Intro to Psychology: Foundations (14 decks)

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